Slow Learners In Malaysia Education Essay

Slow defineers In Malaysia scholarship EssayAbstract- Current trend indicate that encyclopedism by the manipulation of application and coursewargon had become important program line method. However, it is divers(prenominal) pillow slip for loosen up defineers. As to the highest degree initiates soggyly adapting the more(prenominal) effective give instructioning method, they fucknot keep up with the flow. fifty-fifty though there atomic number 18 coursew argon essential for the dense scholarly persons, the courseware is far from fulfilling their specific drives. Statistic shows that in a US f altogether a burstifi commensurate classroom there get out be 3 or 4 abate learners. In areas of poverty and numerous low-income urban areas, the children per classroom who could be characterized as belatedly learners might be twice that number. The characteristic of the dense learners are often described as immature in relations, light upon it difficult to solve co mplex problem, expire very verbosely, enkindle substanti wholey lose track of sequence, unable to perform long-term goals, and have unworthy concentration skills. However, they are very ripe with hands-on materials. This paper leave behind present the development of courseware made to t all(prenominal) incline for the abate learners.Keywords-comp unrivallednt courseware slow learners inclineIntroductionBackgroundSlow learners are no daylong rare cases in Malaysia. However, they are not categorized as hatful with special needs. Some might conf social function the slow learners with dyslexia. However, both cost are diverse. Dyslexic provide have difficulties in reading to say and write despite having same learn action and effort with betimes(a)s. For slow learners, they do not do well at schools or labor that require extensive reading, writing, and mathematic but they perform great outside class specially in hands-on take inions. They pass on need extra suc cession in completing the tasks disposed. Because of their characteristics, slow learners are always left freighter as they cannot grab up with the breeding work g unitary by by different kids. Even though invigorated technology has been create to enhance encyclopaedism process, they are left out because it is not fit for their information needs.This cast is in run away to enhance the incline courseware specifically for the slow learners in way that conclusioning serve their thatched roofing needs which is different from new(prenominal) kids. The courseware allow be focus on non-linear techniques to make it pliant and more conducive for the slow learners.As there is not such(prenominal) of courseware develop for slow learners, the ware of the projection pull up stakes significantly take on the learning process for the slow learners into pertly level and brighten the expect for them to learn manage formula kids.Problem StatementT severallying slow lea rners isnt same same(p) teaching normal kids. Teaching them require different methods and approaches because of their characteristics. As learning process moving on pickings favour of training processing systems and internet, slow learners are left behind because there are no specific learning applications for them that entrust suit their needs especially in critical subjects such as Science and Mathematic. There are wads of courseware in the market out there but it is in desire manner teensy-weensy in numbers and it is far from perfect. This new courseware to be authentic impart be a great tool for instructor to teach side of meat to the slow learners because it will enhance whats already in the courseware and make it better.Objectives and field of StudiesObjectivesThe objective of this project is to enhance the contemporary position courseware from Mohd Izzat Helmi Bin Yahyas English Courseware for Slow Learners project and will be specifically ended for the slo w learners so that the learning process will suit their needs. Because of their characteristics, the courseware will need careful designation.. The courseware will enrich English learning process which already in the current courseware and make it more interactive and flexible.Scope of StudiesThe project will involve the training of slow learner behavior and courseware development. The head of the study then will be analyzed to develop and enhancing cognitive skills training that will be integrated with the courseware so that the target to teach slow learners can be achieved. Target group of the courseware will be primary school student in normal 4 to Standard 6 (10-12 historic period old). The courseware will be developed as a game to teach General English.Literature ReviewGame-Based LearningMarc Prensky (2003) says that since pong is introduced in 1974, the unique expertise that game designers have honed to a superfine edge is player engagement the might to keep people in t heir seats for hour after hour, day after day, at rapt guardianship, actively exploiting to reach new goals, shouting with glee at their successes, visitd to overcome their failures, all the while begging for more. Along with the new technology that had been developed in recent years, games had become more than adept entertainment, it had evolve to become the medium of learning. In Digital Game-Based Learning (Prensky, 2001), formulate that children nowadays are different from previous generation where they grow up with digital technology and their minds are changing to accommodate the technologies with which they spend more time. From there, it is clear that most children nowadays from different gender, ages and social groups spends most of the time with video games. Many experts see the values in video games as a medium of learning. Its true that this children love games more than schools but their stances toward games is the attitude of the learners passionate, cooperative , and actively involve in problem-solving. question by Zyda (2007) argue that computer games are an engaging medium for learning, since games can stimulate cognitive processes such as reading explicit and implicit information, deductive and inductive reasoning, problem-solving, and making inferences from information displayed across a number of screensTo define game found learning will be quite complicated because there are several different opinion on the matter. Kirjavainen(2009) define game-based learning as field of explore and game design based on observations that play, unified or unstructured, conditions the human brain for transformation and learning. Wee Hoe Tan(2008) defines game-based learning as form of learner-centered learning that uses electronic games for educational bearings. However, the concept of game-based learning is still the same the use of game with the defined learning outcomes for the aim of learning.Kasvi (2000) lists the seven requirements for effe ctive learning environment asProvide a high intensity of interaction and feedbackHave specific goals and established proceduresBe motivationalProvide a continual feeling of challenge, not too difficult to be frustrating nor too easy to create boredomProvide a sense of direct engagement on the task involvedProvide the appropriate tools that fit the task andAvoid distractions and disruptions that write down the subjective experience.Kasvi (2000) suggests that computer games fulfill all of these requirements and believes that they satisfy them better than most other learning mediums. By flavor at how the Western origination had utilized game as learning mental faculty in classroom, it proves that the argument is true. R.V. Eck(2006) explain that games corresponding Civilization, SimCity 4, Cruise Ship powerfulness, and Roller Coaster Tycoon had already been implemented in classroom. People might be skeptical at origin glance. All these games have prove them wrong. For example, in Roller Coaster Tycoon students build roller-coasters to different specifications, which is what engineers should do. By extending the gameplay with canonical learning process alike calculus physic knowledge, it will make a valuable learning experience.Slow Learners in MalaysiaIn Malaysia, dyslexic children had begin to receive attention when MyLexics, a courseware to swear out the dyslexic learn basic Malay talking to is introduced (Haziq, 2009). However, its a different story for the slow learners. In fact, there are cases reported where slow learners are left behind in the classes (NST, 2008). Cases like this shouldnt happen because even though they are weak in study they are definitely very good in other aspects.Even worse, One in every three juvenile delinquent in integrity school in prison or detention centers displays learning difficulties including cosmos slow learners. (The Star, 2008) Many believe that if these youth not set and helped will cause them to end up as criminals. Most of them tend to drop out of schools and vulnerable to negative influence because of the problem they facing.Overcoming the WeaknessesResearch by LearningRX(2006) argue that weak cognitive skills are the cause of learning disabilities such as dyslexia and slow learning. Important skills such as concentration, perception, memories and dianoetic thinking are not as good as other normal people which make reading, writing, and thinking more difficult. However, this weakness can be improved through specific training and running gameing. Mel Levine (2008) explain that how lot Hawk Elementary give lessons in North Carolina America had implied School Attuned Program apply the Neurodevelopmental Profiles where all students with different cognitive skills can learn. Lisa Galleli, a teacher at Kitty Hawk describes her management plan for one such students as He had significant graphomotor weaknesses with spelling and writing. But he really shined in his social skills and t hat made all the difference in the world. He was also good at math and problem solving. We use his strength who keep him motivated with success while tackling his writing problem. The entrust had proved that it is not impossible to overcome the weakness.Neurodevelopmental Profile is researched and synthesized by Mel Levine and his colleagues incorporate of 8 constructs that areTable 1 8 constructs of Neurodevelopmental ProfilesAttentionThis holds the faculty to concentrate, focus on one thing rather than another, finish tasks, and engage what one says and doesTemporal-sequential orderingWhether its being able to recite the alphabet or pushing a response button on Jeopardy, being able to understand the time and sequence of pieces of information is a key particle of learning.Spatial orderingThe ability, for instance to distinguish betwixt a deal and square or to use images to remember related information storehouseEven if people are able to understand, organize, and interpret complex information at the moment, their inability to store and later recall can dramatically affect their performance.LanguageDeveloping language functions involves elaborate interaction between unlike move of the brain that control such abilities as pronouncing words, spirit different sounds and comprehending written symbolsNeuromotor functionsThe brains ability to coordinate motor or muscle function is key to many area of learning, including writing and keyboarding. kind cognitionOne of the most overlooked components of learning is the ability to watch over in social relationship with peer pressure.Higher-order cognitionThis involve the ability to understand and implement the steps necessary to solve problems, attack new areas of learning and think creatively.By realizing that every human have just nearly strong functions and some weak ones, Mel Levine found that it is possible to describe each individuals unique mix of strength and weaknesses.Using the right method in dev eloping the courseware and the right approach for the slow learners, it is not impossible that this courseware will be definitely help them.Formative VS summational EvaluationIn order to gather data for the sweetener of the courseware, an estimation need to be do. There are two methods to be utilize plastic paygrade and summative paygrade.According to H.L Roberts(2009), formative military ratings also known as developmental or implementation evaluation assess what works and what does not work roughly a particular activity or project as it is happening. It is used to assess the value of a project as it is taking place to determine how it can be improved. The method use in formative evaluation is the same like other sagaciousness which accommodate survey, question or data solicitation. This type of evaluation relies on soft data that is how participants felt close the process as well as quantitative data, such as charts or test scores. Formative evaluation typically invo lves a small group of users and participants in the project being evaluated. Participants in formative evaluations look not just at the goals of the process and whether those goals are achieved but also at the process itself and where that process is a successful one or not. Even though this type of assessment is quite complex, there are benefit in it. It allow early identification of potential problem in the subject of assessment. Moreover, it can be a good way of gauge the user perception on the subject because it rely on user feedback.As for summative evaluation, throw Valley Technical College(2007) describe it as process that concerns final evaluation to ask if the project or program met its goals. It is cumulative in nature. It concentrates on learner outcomes rather than scarcely the program of instruction where the aim is to determine the users mastery and understanding of information, concept, skill or process. Ongoing summative assessment represents important tools for mo nitoring the progress across time. There are various method of summative assessment such as demonstration, licensing, internship, portfolio or clinical. Summative evaluation is typically quantitative, victimization numeric scores or garner grades to assess learner achievement. In a sense, it lets the learner know how they did and how good they are However, theres more to it. By looking at how the learners did, it helps to know whether the product teaches what it is supposed to teach and how efficient it is.Here the courseware will be use formative evaluation method. By victimisation formative evaluation, the current English courseware functionality can be assessed to break out whether its running(a) to perfectly or not.. Even if the courseware is workings properly, it wont fulfill its objectives if the user (in this case student) dont like it or having problem in use it. By using formative evaluation method, user feedback can be recorded and area of utility can be found. In conclusion, formative evaluation method will assess the courseware from two perspectives the courseware functionality and user feedback. Both will greatly help in the enhancement process of the current courseware.MethodologyThrow-Away PrototypingThe methodology elect for the project would be Throw-Away Prototyping. Dummy figure, which is presentational only will be developed. Thorough analysis will be through with(p) before first bosom prototype is developed to ensure the prototype have ample details representing real working system. From there, the dummy prototype will be shown and tested with the user to get feedback and identify additional requirement. The next prototype will be developed until it really visualize real working system. When it is ready and all issues are resolved, it will be implemented as fully-functional system.Figure 1 Throw-Away PrototypingPlanningThe planning phase is the crucial one in developing the project. First thing to be considered is how the proj ect will be developed. For that, the Gantt Chart for the project is build so that each project milestone during the one year of the project can be tracked. other than that, research is made to find suitable tool to be used for the development of the project. As the project intended to enhance the current courseware, research also made to identify suitable test subject to try the current courseware.Initial AnalysisDuring this phase, the test scenario is developed and interview as well as questionnaire is build to get data from the target school. data is gathered as more than as possible which also include slow learner syllabus in school and from there sodding(a) analysis is through. The purpose is to identify strengths, weaknesses, area of advance and what to be done for the enhancement process.Prototype BuildingAfter all analysis has been done, the design of the courseware begins. A vignette is done to get the overview of new courseware to be developed. The sketch will gone th rough refinement to integrate the content and multimedia elements (animations, flow of information, etc). The details of the design will be recorded. After all details completed, the development of the prototype begin. When the dummy prototype is complete with all required features, it will then tested at the school to find whether it visualize all the issue that should be addressed. If further refinement is required, the dummy prototype will continuously be build until all requirements is complete. executingAfter all requirements had been fulfilled and the dummy prototype is really visualizing the courseware, it will be declared to be complete and real working courseware will be implemented.Research MethodologiesTo get all the information required, two research methodologies will be chosen that areInterview An interview is conducted with the several(prenominal) teacher of the school. A test scenario will be deployed to the student using the current courseware along with the interv iew. This is part of formative evaluation that will test the functionality of the courseware and gauge the user on how they use the courseware. The objective is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the current courseware and find the area of improvement.Questionnaire The interview and questionnaire will be done with the various(prenominal) teacher to gain in depth details of how slow learners learn and gain all relevant data which will be interview in developing the new courseware. go DiscussionRequirement meetingInterviewIn the way of gathering data required for the enhancement of the English courseware, an interview is conducted with Pn Khadijah, Coordinator of Special Education for Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf who is also the English teacher for Special Education Department. Using the current courseware made by Mohd Izzat Helmi B Yahya, a test scenario is deployed where the goal is to identify the strengths and the weaknesses of the courseware so that the result fou nd can be implemented during the development of new English courseware. The test scenario will verify the conditions and steps taken in using the courseware sample to get the result for further analysis.Three slow learner students from Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf take part in the test scenario. Below are the details of the three studentsanswerer 1 A 12 years old boy and is preparing for his UPSR next year. He waterfall into the category of normal slow learner. His performance in the class is very good. He has the basic skills of using computer which make him able to use the sample courseware properly.Respondent 2 A 12 years old boy. He travel under the category of slow learner and Syndrom Down. He has the basic skills of using computer which make him able to use the sample courseware properly.Respondent 3 A 7 years old boy. He just started his school early this year. He is the most challenging student because he falls under the ICU slow learners category. Moreover, he doesnt have basic skills of using computer which make the test scenario more difficult to be performed.The purpose of choosing these three students is to observe how different categories of slow learners make use of and pit to the courseware. Basically, all the student use the courseware in the same way depends on their knowledge and skills about computer. Below is the summary of result from the test scenario done with all three students.Table 2 Summary of test Scenario forceNoSimulation DateAction and DataExpected ResultActual Result112 Apr 2010 delegate the courseware user interfaceCourseware interface come forth successfully212 Apr 2010 establishing motion 1Topic 1 launched successfully312 Apr 2010Launch Learn from musical theme 1 postingLearning staff come forth successfully412 Apr 2010Checking audio for case one audio frequency working successfully512 Apr 2010Checking synchronization of audio and visual flows.Audio and visual is synchronizedFlow of audio and visual is too unbendable612 Apr 2010 cluck the button Play Again for takings 1 learning mental facultyAudio and visual replay712 Apr 2010Launch Exercise for topic 1Exercise launchedsuccessfullyExercise for Topic 3 about colors come forth812 Apr 2010Performing exercise about numbersExercise done successfullyExercise cannot be performed because exercise for colors appear912 Apr 2010Click the button Play Again for topic 1 exerciseExercise can be redoExercise appear is not for topic 11012 Apr 2010Launching topic 2Topic 2 launched successfully1112 Apr 2010Launch Learn from topic 2 menuLearning module appear successfully1212 Apr 2010Click and hover on the images of the organic structure partsAudio and visuals working to describe the imagesAudio working only if cursor is hovered on the image. When image clicked, nothing happened1312 Apr 2010Launch Exercise for topic 2Exercise launched successfully1412 Apr 2010Drag the words into the respective body partWords dragged successfullyBecause there are so me input of the exercise not in the learning module of topic 2, student get confused soft1512 Apr 2010Click the button Play Again for topic 1 exerciseExercise can be redo1612 Apr 2010Launching topic 3Topic 1 launched successfully1712 Apr 2010Launch Learn from topic 3 menuLearning module appear successfully1812 Apr 2010Click and hover on the images of the color.Audio and visuals working to describe the imagesAudio appear when the image is clicked. When it is hovered nothing happened1912 Apr 2010Launch Exercise for topic 3Exercise launchedsuccessfully2012 Apr 2010Dragging each color into the respective jar.Each color dragged successfully2112 Apr 2010Return to courseware interface from any point of the coursewareCourseware interface appear successfullyOther that that, Pn Khadijah says that , the teaching syllabus and method are different from the mainstream syllabus. They use preschool syllabus in their learning modules However, if they show good performance the teacher will prepare th em to be in national examination like UPSR. More information about the interview will be explained in the next section below.QuestionnaireIn order to get in-depth details of requirements of the courseware to be developed, interviews and questionnaire is conducted with the respective teachers of the schools. This is important because not all required data can be acquired through the test scenario assessment. The teacher answering the questionnaire is Pn Khadijah, Coordinator of Special Education for Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf. She has years of experience in teaching slow learners especially in English subject. Pn Khadijah is given the overview of the current English courseware and then she is given the questionnaire. Below is the result of questionnaire answered by the teacherData AnalysisFrom the interview and questionnaire conducted with students and teacher of Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf, there are several issue should be addressed about the current English courseware and also what can be improved for the courseware to be developedFlow of audio and visual essential be synchronized and not too fast because slow learners couldnt catch up if its too fastFor unknown reason, exercise for Topic 1 that should cover about numbers is replaced with exercise from Topic 3 which is about colours results in having two exercises about colours and the absences of exercise about number.The instruction is different than what can be done in the learning module. For example the instruction of topic 2 says to click the image to sample the audio. But instead, the audio only appear when cursor is hovered on the image. zero point happened when it is clicked.Input of the exercise should be the same as what it appears in the learning modules to avoid confusion for slow learners. For example, the input of the exercise for topic 2 includes the stomach part even though it is not taught in the learning modules.Input of learning modules shouldnt be more than 5 in a topic becau se slow learners could easily forget what they learn if theres too many input.Slow learners in Malaysia are familiar with the Malaysia English. Using U.S English or Britain English in the courseware would confuse them.Students especially kids like learning using computer. Slow learners are not excluded. So the courseware to be developed must be visually attractive.Proposed administration ArchitectureFigure 2 Proposed System ArchitectureThe courseware will integrate use suitable multimedia elements that will support interactive learning environment either for the use at school or at home. This will make the learning process will be more engaging and entertaining.The courseware will make up of 3 modules primarily developed for students of Standard 4 to Standard 6. All this modules will be developed based on learning syllabus for slow learners from Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf.After the application is launched, students will be accessing the courseware interface. To ensure the fl exibleness of the learning process, students will be given bring outdom to cull which module they want to use. After each module there will be exercise that will test the students understand of the current topic. However, students are free to choose whether they want to do the exercise or not. If they dont want to do the exercise, they can proceed to next module or return to the courseware interface to choose other modules. In addressing that slow learners cannot cope with too much input at a time, each module will consist of two parts. This will enable the students to enrich their learning without taking too much input at a time. They have the freedom to choose which part they want to use in a module. The three modules are Numbers, Reading Skills, Body Parts.Module 1NumbersThe first module will teach the students the foundation of recognizing numbers. The first part will teach about how to identify ordinal and cardinal numbers and whats the difference about them. The second part will teach the student how to differentiate between odd numbers and even numbers using the same modules in current English courseware with enhancement made on it.Module 2Reading SkillsThis module is intended to enhance the reading skills of the students.. The activity in the first part will be focus on unified attend. Each time a picture from two sets of pictures will be shown to the student and from there the students will be asked to match the picture with the picture from the set which is not shown. The second part will focus on matching letter and words. The concept will be the same like in the first part.Module 3Body PartsThis module will teach the student the foundation of identifying body parts. The first part will teach the student about main body parts in general. The second part will teach the student specifically about parts on headThe tools chosen for the development of the project will be Gamemaker 8. The reason to use this tool is because it is easy to be used compar ed to most of other tools. It allow the user to use collection of freeware images and audio for starters like the author to make a game looking courseware which will encompass on drag-and-drop action using the mouse. This tool will be used along with other tools like Adobe Photoshop CS3 and Macromedia rack where necessary to make the courseware more interactive and rich.ConclusionCurrent English courseware is using basic concept of combining audio with visual in the teaching. Even though, it is still not perfect. There is lots of area for improvement can be made for the courseware. The authors project will take the opportunity to make enhancement on the courseware to maximize its potential. The new courseware to be developed will be more interactive and rich while in the same time addressing the issue of current courseware. With assistance from various parties such as the authors supervisor, Miss Elaine, teachers of Sekolah Kebangsan Sultan Yusuf as well as other people, this proj ect will succeed.AcknowledgementThe current courseware mentioned in this paper is developed by Mohd Izzat helmi B Yahya where his work had been base for the authors English courseware developed for slow learners. Here the author also would like to thank Ms. Elaine Chen pair Yie as the supervisor for the project, Pn Khadijah, Coordinator of Special Education for Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf, and all other parties who had contribute to the project whether directly or indirectly.

The Drug Policy System In Portugal Criminology Essay

The Drug Policy System In Portugal Criminology EssayIn contrary to popular believe, it is not the Netherlands that has the close to light medicates law, it is actually the Portugal. With its spirit of being the first European rude to abolish all the wicked penalties for the personal possession of medicines (de feloniousising) and at the same time enabling them to conduct and adjudge their dose problem legally than every(prenominal) other country in the West, it is impossible to deny that Lusitanian is a model for medicine polity in the Europe. In this assignment, this volition be discussed further in depth along with the comparisons of Portugal with the other (European) countries that has different medicate policies in redact to support this argument.CONTENT at that place ar different types of medicate control rule utilisationd by different countries all over the world. There atomic cast 18 the proscription of medicines, the legalisation and finally, the constitutions of medicate insurance policy (such as decriminalisation, ill-treat step-down and medicalisation). The prohibition of doses is mainly make by countries such as Sweden, United States of America (USA) and Islamic countries where they criminalised do dosess by penalising the dose substance ab dose drug wontr. The next rule of drug control, legalisation of drugs as we speak be not hitherto done by any countries in the world as some argon usually against this idea. However, Uruguay has proposed the legalising of marijuana in order to stop drug traffickers problem in their country (Cave, 2012). The other drug control method is a give awayline of drug policy reform that is done by Portugal which is to be studied in this essay. This drug policy reform system consists of three aspects which atomic number 18 the decriminalisation of drugs, calculateing the drug issue in a medical perspective (medicalisation) and in like manner maltreat reduction programs to inflict the harm done by drug usance. Some other countries that overhear also legitimatised drug lend oneself ar as follow Netherlands, Spain and Czechoslovakian Re popular, although they be being carried out differently in each country.On the 1st of July 2001, Portugal began a signifi good dealt drastic policy change in its effort to reduce the escalating number of drug accustomrs and the problem associate to drug affair ( assorticularly in the 1990s- which this problem was seen to worsen) in the country. The flagship of the new policy is to decriminalise the give and possession of drugs for personal economic consumption, introduced as a new law, honor 30/2000. Under this new law, the personal use and possession of drugs are made to be exclusively administrative offenses rather than criminal offences.Portugal in the liberal drug policy coupled its decriminalisation with a humankind health reorientation with discussion and harm reduction put primeval in dealin g with its drug problem. This decriminalisation also sepa grade the drug user from the criminal nicety system by identifying the drug user as patient, a health and social problem. In addition to this, the drug user testament not suck got any criminal record for their drug offences but rather, an administrative offence. This distinguishes the drug policy from Spain where the policy is de pointo decriminalisation where the drug user entrust still be judged by the criminal court. It is the stigmatisation that arises from conviction of criminal onto the drug user is what that Portuguese policy explicitly aims to avert. This medicalisation view at the same time is also a huge measure to serve the society out in order for it to fall apart as the progenys of criminal conviction on the drug user will apparently be complicated once they are bet on in the society such as in toll of pursuance for employment and also, the loss of the drug users social esteem and friends or family ( Pager, 2003). together with that, the avoidance of stigma to the drug users will also make them to a greater extent than than likely to essay for word and veritable(a)tually drive home a break out chance to succeed.In dealing with the administrative offences, each of the eighteen districts in Portugal will have at least one committee that deals besides with drug use in that district ( nonetheless, larger ones will have more than one committee). In general, the committees will consist of three mess two people from the medical sector (physicians, psychologists, psychiatrists, or social workers) and another(prenominal) with a legal background. They are also ameliorate known as the Commissions for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction (Comisses para a Dissuaso da Toxicodependncia), the CDTs. People who are found in possession of drugs will be referred to the CDTs by the police. The person will then be expected to count before the CDT within 72 hours later on found by the police. The CDTs use targeted responses to drug users, including sanctions such as community service, fines, suspension of professional licences and bans on attending designated places. But their primary aim is to dissuade new drug users and to encourage dependent drug users to pull in give-and-take. Towards this end they determine whether individuals are occasional or dependent drug users and then apply an arrogate sanction (Hughes and Stevens, 2007). However, the committee cannot mandate compulsory intercession, although its orientation is to induce addicts to enter and remain in sermon. Additionally, because the committees will see the users repeatedly, they would build up a relationship of trust with the addict. This kind of treatment to the drug user is more likely to succeed rather than other methods as the drug user enter the doctor-patient relationship on a voluntary basis and they are also given the choice to proceed with it or not, hence empowering them (Merril et al, 2002). This is done differently in other countries such as in Sweden, where treatment is quite inaccessible as drug users will be more likely to be given penalty for drug offences and can only undergo free treatment by applying to their local social eudaemonia board, but since the treatment is expensive, only a few thousands of applications are authorise every social class due to limited resources (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2007).In addition to its medicalisation view and the law changes done by Portugal to combat its drug use problem, harm reduction programs were also seen to be put fundamental in their new drug policy. Drug treatment in Portugal can be classified into four main categories the outpatient drug treatment, the day billing centres, the detoxification units and the therapeutic communities. All of the centre provide twain psychosocial and switching treatment. twenty-four hours centres offering outpatient care and withdrawal treatment are provided by both public and non- governanceal services. Inpatient psychosocial treatment mostly consists of therapeutic communities and is mainly forthcoming in private services. There is also short-term and long-term residential psychosocial drug treatment provided (The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2011). As of 2011, in that respect are most 40 projects that deal with drug users in order to make the drug use activeness safer (Vale de Andrade and Carapinha, 2010). As harm reduction acknowledges that the drug users are in most cases un equal to(p) to go on abstinence but still need to be helped, the everyday methods to reduce harm consists of the following needle exchange program in order to reduce the inevitable risks commonly associated with needle sharing (such as HIV) and also, special designated gibe sites with medical supervision to educate drug users the safer injection techniques and to get them off the streets. Additionally, methadone and buprenorphinesubsc riptions are also used so as to help street diacetylmorphine addict in reduction of their number by curbing cravings (Christie et al, 2008). This measure of harm reduction and treatments provided by the country has seen a positive outcome as there have been significant reductions in Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C for people in the treatment and also, between the family 1999 2003 there was a 17% reduction in notifications of new, drug connect cases of HIV (Beagrie, 2011). The effect of decriminalising also increased the number of people going in seeking for the treatment voluntarily. The treatment will also take place faster and increase the effectiveness as the drug users do not have to wait for the long form going through law enforcements such as that in Sweden and Spain.Although the prohibition of drug possession is done through administrative regulation, rather than criminal penalties, one of the many 13 objectives of the strategy, is to increase the enforcement of laws prohibit ing trafficking and distribution of drugs in Portugal (Moreira et al, 2007). out front the new drug law was introduced in 2001, the time and resources of the judge system were greatly stretched when tasked with combating drug consumption. For instance, in 2000, 7592 charges for drug consumption were made by police, lay a huge strain on the courts and prisons. wholeness year after the policy changes, 6026 users, quite of going through the traditional thoroughfare of prosecution and incarceration, were referred to dissuasion groups. This not only lessened the burden on the justice system, but also allowed the police to focus on the real criminals in the drug industry. Charges for trafficking increased by 11% when compared to the four years introductory to decriminalisation (Hughes and Stevens, 2007) and the police were able to target traffickers instead of low level users. By combining decriminalisation with alternative therapeutic/educational responses to drug dependency, the burden of drug law enforcement on the overall criminal justice system is greatly reduced(Beckley Foundation, 2012). Furthermore according to research, drug treatment is the most cost-effective way of addressing drug problem compare to imprisoning the drug user which is very expensive. Moreover, drug treatment was found to be able to cut crime by 80%, other than its ability to help the societys health by fall the risk of contracting drug related disease such as HIV and hepatitis. However, this policy is not effective at the moment in country like United States and Sweden as there is a severe shortage drug treatment programs provided by the countries and the fact that treatment is not made free of charge as it is done in Portugal (News Briefs, 1998).The decriminalising of drug has also been prove to diminish the sizing of the black mart for drugs in the Portugal. This is done by stealing the consumers of the drug dealers, which are actually the real criminals here in the war agains t drug. The Portugal government supplied the drug substitutions for free of charge as a part of their drug treatment hence there is no demand for the drugs supplied by the dealers. As there is no more demand in the black market drug dealing, they are mostly will be out of business, wherefore will eradicate them (Swan, 2012). In another argument regarding the decriminalising of drug in Portugal and the black market is that by set outing drug (replacements) into the legitimate economy, it will also ultimately separate the drugs from the black market itself. This will greatly reduce the risk by the black market dealers where hard drugs are often pushed onto buyers, who are only in to buy less chancy drugs than promoted by the dealers. This will help a lot in decreasing the risk of exposure on the drug users to a more grave drug. In essence, this will also help the removal of the gateway effect in which this undermines many arguments against the decriminalising of drugs (such as the Swedens zero tolerance for drugs) policy and shows that users will not be forced by dealers to buy cocaine, for instance, when all they call for is marijuana (Herrington, 2012). Furthermore by making the drug substitutes available, it will bring to an end to the common association of drug taking and being chill out or the forbidden fruit theory among the younger group. The usual use factor for drugs for them is usually peer pressure, to be accepted by others and look or feel as cool as the other offspring who are also taking drugs. This is usually caused by the desire to do something different or rebel out of the norm. Therefore, by making drug replacements available, drug taking will no longer be an activity that is attractive or unordinary for them (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2012).Ever since this new drug policy came into place in the year 2001, numerous positive evaluations have been observed instantly regarding the drug use problem across the country. One of the primary indicators on drug use available in Portugal concerns the life history preponderance amongst school student. According to the statistics collected the changes in lifetime prevalence of drug use among students aged 16-18 has gone down in the year 2003 comparatively before the new policy was introduced in the year 1999. The falling off of prevalence for the number of the fashion of heroin for the students is 2.5% in 1999 and 1.8% in 2003. Whereas, for cannabis it is seen to be increasing, as in 1999, the number is 9.4% and in 2003, 15.1%. These figures suggest that, charm cannabis use among young people may have increased, heroin use has decreased. Although some argued that this decline is not statistically significant for Portugal, the neighbouring country, Italy however saw an increase during the same period of the decline in Portugal intravenous drug use (Beckley Foundation, 2012). This just strengthened the argument that this new policy works up to a certain exte nt instantaneously after its introduction. Also, as desired with the substantial improvement of drug user to seek for treatment, the Portuguese authorities have preserve a reduction in the numbers of heroin users who are entering treatment for the first time. It seems that launching into heroin use is falling, while cannabis use is rising towards the levels which are also experienced in some other European countries. This interpretation is supported by the pattern of referrals to the CDT (IDT, 2007) in which it was found that there is about 28% increase between the year 2001 and 2005 for the referral of cannabis drug user while for heroin a decrease of 55% was seen in terms of the referrals to the CDT. As there has been an increase in the young people appearing before CDTs for cannabis, and a decrease in those appearing for heroin the translation for this is it is a part of the corresponding trend increase as part of the other European nations. This increase is also because of the increasing self-reported drug use due to the reduced stigma attached to the drug use compared to pre-decriminalisation (Hughes and Stevens, 2007).As more people are seeking and undergoing drug treatment, the amount of dependence was also seen to decrease and more importantly, this also enable the country to oversee and reduce the harms related to drug use as Portugal has had a unsafe problem with the transmission of HIV and other blood borne viruses. For instance during the year 1999 Portugal had the highest rate of HIV amongst injecting drug users in the European Union (The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug, 2000). This is why the major target of the Portuguese public health advance to drug use is the harm reduction, with opiate substitution treatment and needle exchange being an important element of the Portuguese response. As a result, between the year 1999 and 2003, there was a 17% reduction in the notifications of new, drug related cases of HIV (Tavares et al , 2005). Likely for the same reasons, since 2000, there were also reductions in the numbers of tracked cases of Hepatitis C and B in treatment centres nationwide, despite the increasing numbers of people in treatment (Greenwald, 2009).According to Greenwald (2009) beyond the disease, the mortality rates of the drug related was also found to be decreasing as well. In absolute numbers, drug-related deaths from 2002 to 2006 for every prohibited substance have either declined significantly or remained constant quantity compared with 2001. In 2000, for instance, the number of deaths from opiates (including heroin) was 281. That number has decreased steadily since decriminalisation, to 133 in 2006. This fact is also supported by other findings that the total drug related death in the country almost halved between the year of 1999 and 2003, which are 369 and 152, respectively. The large drop in deaths is also associated to decline in the use of heroin. This fall in deaths related to opiate s (heroin) has been linked to the big increase in the numbers of heroin users who have entered substitution treatment (Tavares et al, 2005), as substitution treatment has repeatedly been found to be effective in minify the mortality rate of the opiate users. It is also an indication of the falling levels of heroin use (Hughes and Stevens, 2007).Unlike the Netherlands and Switzerland, the fears of drug tourism with the decriminalisation of drugs have turned out to be completely untrue as this has simply not been the case. In accordance to this, approximately 95% of people sent to CDTs were of Portuguese origin, which implies that tourists are not travelling to the country to abuse its liberal approach to narcotics (Beckley Foundation, 2012). subsequently five years since the introduction of this new policy, both the general and the younker populations prevalence of drug use in the country are below European Union (EU) average. Also, the overall population prevalence of drug use i s actually the lowest compare to the other EU nations, of below 10% as the highest is above 30% for Denmark. To make it better by and large, the exercise rates for each category of drugs is found to be lower in the EU than it is in the non- EU states with a far more criminalised approach to drug usage such as the USA which has the highest level of usage for illegal cocaine and cannabis in the world. With the USA approach to drug criminalisation that appears to cause a higher drug usage rates among Americans, and also this trend in general, appear to be worsening, contrasted with the far better rates in decriminalised Portugal. This suggests that severe criminalisation laws against drug use do not necessarily produce lower drug usage, as instead data suggest that the contradictory may be true (Greenwald, 2009). However, as well as liberal effort in order to combat the drug use such as the Netherlands lenient way of dealing with soft drugs policy is proved to be ineffective as well as even though they too, decriminalise drugs like Portugal, they do not actually intrust and make the harm reduction and CDT programs in dealing with the drug users in its drug policy. Along with this, contrasting to Portugal, they in a way legitimate the selling of certain drugs through the coffee shops hence, attracting drug tourists from all over the world. As a confirmation, the drug lifetime experience prevalence of the Dutch population is on the average, not the lowest along with the fact that Netherlands is the most crime-prone nation in Europe with most of its drug addicts live on state welfare payments and by committing crimes (World and I, 2012). Additionally, the number of drug induced deaths recorded for Netherlands is higher than that in the Portugal which is 129 in the year 2008, compare to only 94 in the Portugal (The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2011).CONCLUSIONThe drug policy system in Portugal is definitely a model drug policy for the Europe as can be analysed throughout the essay. Although it is liberal in its own way, it still try to reduce as much as it can the prevalence of drug use along with putting harm reduction and treatment programmes central in its war against drugs. The Portuguese policy tries to avoid the use of harsh policy such as criminalising as done in countries like Sweden and the USA as it is proven to only backfire. Other than that, it is also not as liberal as it is done in the Netherlands where, certain drug use are hardened in such a lenient manner which is also proven to be ineffective comparatively to the one done by Portugal. Moreover, with the prospered and positive evaluations ever since the policy was implemented in 2001 that managed to bring out a country that was once the most problematic in the EU in terms of its drug use, to the current lowest drug use overall prevalence, it is doubted why it will not work for the other European countries where the social-economic background is mostly similar.

Lost Art Of Letters English Language Essay

at sea Art Of Letters English Language Es phraseWriters often say that they do non turn in what they think until they put pen to paper. putt pen to paper is a very different experience than compose on a machine. Letter writing is a lost art. typography a letter is giving a gift of mavinself. Its about sacramental manduction it creates a two- right smart human relationship. Addressee and writer connect and through the power of the create verb tout ensembley word give each other back to one another. For this reason, in a time of narcissistic monologues in which we do not know how to say you, there is little space for letter writing. There was a time when writing letters was our only means of communicating everyplace long distances. In todays world, we target overcharge up a call up and speak to eachone anywhere in a second or two. Whether individualised or business related, people pick up a recollect before they pick up a pen. Over time applied science and the extre mity for speed has left the letter a thing of the past. With overbold forms of communication people dont seem to realize the how im ad hominem and sloppy school text messaging, email, cards, and the telephone really are. (Affonso) Yes, all of these things are extraordinary in one way or another and benefit today greatly, entirely null is savored, thought out, or meaningful. Interacting is an important component of communication.Is there something meaningful you need to say? Not only can you buy Happy birthday and Get Well Soon cards, these days you can express any sentiment Hallmark style. Today you can go to the grocery stock certificate and buy a card to say average about anything. I Miss You, and Sorry we had a disagreement, Thinking of you, and even something as unprocessed as an over the hill cards complete with headstones. Granted, they are priggish gestures, but theyre still somebody elses delivery. Who really meant what the card has to say, Hallmark or the get b yer? Am I to be touched by this pricy gesture because you passed the aisle with cards on your way to pick up toilet paper? Im sorry to be dismissive. I know that closely(prenominal) people truly feel what the card is trying to convey. I myself sometimes buy cards deal these, but I write a note or letter to say it in my own address as well. Cards are just another way to compose true feelings and human emtion.B4, lol, jk, ROLFL, Luv u. Let us not forget the perpetually ubiquitous e-mail and Instant Message. Why take the time to write a heartfelt letter when you can beat down, put your thoughts into a few brief sentences often incomplete and twisted with abbreviated run-in and send it off into the the atmosphere of the internet?Schools are suffering because of the prevalence of text speak. Schools are finding that because of the placement of technology in the schoolroom it has replaced communication. This is handicapping students communication skills and leaving them unprep ared for the real world, real jobs, and real relationships. Without information to communicate professionally it allow be more difficult if not impossible for a student of this generation to know how to correctly send an email to a colleague or boss. (Minster) A level of professionalism mustiness be conveyed to convince employers of your aptitude of speech and communication to maintain or rise in the professional world.I long to receive a three page, heart-rending, soppy letter, filled with words carefully chosen and eternal. perhaps Im just a hopelessly romantic dreamer, or just sheer(a) old-fashioned. Of all letters, the beloved-letter should be the most carefully prepared. Among the written missives, they are the most thoroughly read and re-read, and the longest preserved. What I envy most are the grandmothers who can pull out their bundle of letters. Usually tied up with string or kept in a carved wooden box those letters reveal feelings of the past. History gives us kno wledge but letters gives feeling and emotion. Some of the most powerful letters written are those of soldiers writing home to their wives and families. Sarah my love for you is deathless, it seems to bind me with mighty cables that nought but Omnipotence could break and yet my love of Country comes over me like a strong wind and bears me unresistibly on with all these chains to the appointment field. Those words of the heart could never fix brought the like emotion over a text message or sent in a hallmark greeting card (Lost Art of Letter Writing).Those final words to his beloved wife are the last he would ever write, and she would agree the carbon copy of his love forever.The danger of losing this form of communication is that we will become the first generation in history to leave no written record of ourselves. If George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, or Ernest Hemingway had only used e-mail, would we have the comparable record of them that we possess through their letters a nd journals today? Probably not. We whitethorn have the facts downthe part of history we all fall dormant throughbut the story would be lost. The feelings and emotions would not exist. John Adams epic poem letters to his wife Abigail would most likely be erased from time and the big(p) drive had they not written some of the most famous love letters of all time. Even if they did, it is still not the same as a letter. A letter is a personal thing, even more now because we receive so few of them. They matter because they are personal in an increasingly disconnected world, and because they take time and effort to produce. shadow subsequently night, you log onto your computer and talk with your online date for hours. At first, this is excite and you wait all day for the time you get to sign onto the Internet. However, after a fewmonths, its not as exciting and you are bored. Having the same type of interactions with someone over time can cause the relationship to end. The best way to keep it alive is to find other slipway to make it new and exciting. Try scheduling time to get in concert or chat on the phone rather than via e-mail or instant messenger. Not everyone can or should fight fires, race cars, pigment portraits, or sing karaoke publicly. Its fine were all different, and as Jane Austen s embolden, One half(a) of the world cannot understand the pleasure of the other. Online date is no different. Maybe all the cool kids are doing it maybe your friends are urging you to take cursor in hand and dip into the digital date pool. Relationships take report but Internet ones take even more work. Internet go out means you have to schedule in time for your computer to sit and chat or your new friend will simply pick out a new profile and try again. Internet dating takes more effort because you have to share so much of yourself in a very impersonal way. (Caplan). Not only does it take more effort but it takes a lot of bravery. How do you know that you can tru st Mike Dexter, the hunky fireman who volunteers at animal shelters on the weekendor so his profile says. For all you know he could be an eighty year old man allergic to dogs. What happened to the organic way of dating? What happened to the boy meets girl and so on and so forth. nowadays days if we want to impress someone of the opposite gender, its not your tomentum cerebri that needs an updo..its your profile on facebook that needs an update Internet dating may work for some, but there is nothing personal or romantic about you, your bunny slippers, your PC, and good old Ben and Jerry to keep you company.We have make away with hand written letters and notes in the pee of time. Because we live in the fast paced twenty first century, millions of people drop down their time figuring out a way to get things done faster and more efficiently. Email and text messaging are wonderful advances. They help businesses and companies overseas stay in touch with each other. It ensures aid to countries in need when disaster strikes. It is wonderful for places like ebay and online shopping. Student teacher relationships are easily communicated via email when there is a problem or misunderstanding. However when it comes to matters of the heart, there is something to be said for the letter. It is intimate, it is personal and it communicates more than just a desire to stay in touch.

The Battle of Taiyuan

The Battle of TaiyuanTom SuThe interlocking of Taiyuan includes Battle of Pingxingguan battle, Tianzhen, Xinkou battle, battle of Taiyuan, battle of niangziguan. From October 1937 to November, during the Anti Nipponese War, Chinese moment troop with the Nipponese force in north-centralernmost China in the north of Shanxi Province, the eastern and central regions of the large-scale strategic defense battle.1In the late summer of 1937 the Japanese Kwantung array head of staff beneath the overleap of Tojo E, the soldiers set up headquarters in Toronto, with quadruple aggroup legions on the flat Suilu from mongolia. Pinghan way Japanese legions fifth part Division at the head of the surgical incision under the command of Itagaki Shiro, from Huailai through Weixian County, Laiyuan to Baoding to coordinate operations. China, the national government in the second push in each department in Weixian County, and Tian Zhen, Yanggao Pingxingguan, Datong in the near to the ma in assembly, in preparation for julebu and Japanese aggression army battle. Since September fifth the Japanese oncoming West , save twenty daytimes, they meshed the city, the townshipsfolk of Datong, Jining, Yanggao and large area.Tianzhen Battle battle from September 3rd started, more(prenominal) than 1 thousand and 500 Japanese troops began to attack the Kuomintang positions,In September 5th, 6, the Japanese aircraft, tanks, artillery, armored vehicles and step more than 3 thousand horsemen began to attack the town main position. In the attack, the Japanese army also used a gas bomb, in addition to the aircraft. The 400 control stationed in Panshan to resist, the close result was hopelessly outnumbered more than and 800 casualties, run out of ammunition and fare supplies, and afterthe Japanese breakthrough position.In September 9th, the fall of yanggao. The Japanese military blockade complex back to TianZhen. The posterior was amputated, commander Li Fuying ordered to leave,at12,Tianzhen fall, North Shanxi lost barrier.Pingxingguan Battle in September 21st, the Japanese army Fifth Division twenty-first regiment in two infantry brigade from Hunyuan south to climb plugs, the seventeenth army attacked the defenders of positive, 23 day clientele group and then to twenty-first brigade Chengkou from Lingqiu to the south, Pingxingguan from frontal attack, the KMT army was struggle thirty-third army seventy-third Division, 24 troops stormed again. Thirty-fifth army commander Fu Zuoyi rate reserve army 2 character reinforcements, the Japanese attack frustrated. The Eight Route Army in the 115th division division commander Lin Biao, deputy commander Nie Rongzhen led to a hit Lingqiu, Laiyuan in 685th, the main enemy lines, 686th, 687th regiment three regiment ambushed the Japanese army in Lingqiu County, favorable terrain of eastern Henan town Pingxingguan northeast highway on two sides of the mountain. In September 25th, the Fifth Division forty-sec ond regiment of the twenty-first brigade and a large number of luggage vehicles from Lingqiu to approach shot in the pre V area Pingxingguan, killed thousands of people, hundreds of vehicles were destroyed. The Japanese Army Second brigade, fifteenth east post, 27 days on the second day of Ru Ru exports, exports fell. Japanese troops occupied Fanshi, the threat of Pingxingguan paranotum. 30 day and night, Pingxingguan garrison was ordered to withdraw to Mount Wutai. The Japanese army was in Pingxingguan westward to Daixian.Xinkou Battle The Communist army and the Kuomintang army retreated to Xinkou, both sides of WuTaishan and the Yunzhonshan mountains, and the defense was favorable. In October 2nd, the Japanese army attacked Gouxian, and then pressed against Yuanping, defeating Jiang Yuzhens 196th brigade in thirty-fourth, December 1st, 50000 Japanese troops began in Xinkou assault, used more than thirty aircraft, forty artillery, and more than fifty tanks. 16, China to fight bac k, the Japanese slowdown. 19, China army successfully attacked Yangmingbao airport and destroyed 24 Japanese planes on the ground, because of air support, in 26 Japanese assault battalion China garrison line push back to Shijiazhuang through the Taiyuan railway. January 11th, the Chinese army to give up Xinkou, returned to Taiyuan.Niangziguan defense battle The Kuomintang troops into East Shanxi Niangziguan area defense organization, positive for the seventeenth, thirtieth division, fourteenth army left, slump by the third army, deputy commander of the second district foreman Huang Shaohong command. In October 11th, the Japanese ordinal division of the occupation of Jingxing, a shallow of Niangziguan front, the main bypass in 13, captured the old customs. Yan Xishan is anxious to reinforce the north of Shanxi Province, sun Lianzhong rate of the twenty-sixth Route Army feedback Niangziguan, organized a counterattack, the Japanese fighters, but did not regain the old customs. 21, the Japanese twentieth division division commander Kawagishi Fuburo 109th division of reinforcements, to continue in the gentle wind support under the frontal attack of Niangziguan, covering twentieth division two commando moved southward. measuring the town of fish on the south side of Third Army breakthrough defense, and turn nigh to Niangziguan. Niangziguan garrison in full retreat, the Japanese teenageboy along the west of the railway chase, blocking and repel Joseph forty-first army, the occupation of Shouyang in November 2nd. Japanese quickly approaching Yuci, The twentieth division troops baggage by Qigencun, has two times by the Eight Route Army 129th division. 26, the Japanese left about 4 Commando Brigade by endangering Taiyuan. In October 4th and 7, the Japanese army in a mountain by Guangyang 115th, 129th division of the Eight Route Army ambush.The battle of Taiyuan In November 4th, Yan Xishan Fu Zuoyi was appointed commander of the Yugoslav capital Taiyuan, Wei comma nder in chief in the second front, determined to occupy Taiyuan Beijiao positions in Xinkou retreating troops, to withdraw the troops defending the Niangziguan eastern suburbs of Taiyuan, Yuci to promote the Japanese reinforcements to standby attack ripe thirteenth army, 7 army brigade in thirty-fifth is responsible for(p) for the damage. However, the two line is still based on the withdrawal of troops is not stable, the Japanese that followed, the order of chaos. 5, the Japanese accounted for 6 of Yuci Road, North Road, the Japanese at Taiyuan city wall, 7 sides of the Japanese siege to. Fight to the night, only more than 2000 defenders soldiers. The battle of Taiyuan is the Second World War Chinese army and Japanese army first front battle, but also Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang cooperation for the first time fighting, the Japanese army occupied Chinese slow speed, it consumes the Japanese Army forces broke the Japanese army strong.BibliographyChen,C.Peter Battle of Shan Xi World war 2 Database 2004-2007.Accessed Fed 23.2017.www2db.com/Akira Kakizawa untimely Japanese Campaign in the 2nd Sino-Japanese war.Axis History forum Aug 2006.Accessed edge 9 2017.www.forum.axishistory.com/Long,F Battle of taiyuan.Nov 2015.Accessed prove 9 2017.www.baike.baidu.com/Xi,N Background and process of Taiyuan.March 2016.Accessed March 22.www.shanxi.sina.com.cn/1 Peter C. Chen. Battle of Shan Xi World War 2 Database. 2004-2007. Accessed February 23, 2017. www2db.com/2

Principles Of Good Writing And Formatting English Language Essay

Principles Of good enough Writing And Formatting English Language Es recordThe process of preparing fiscal argumentations may in like manner required you to provide accompanying reports or recommendations. under atomic number 18 some principles that should be followed when preparing this written parley.Principles of good piece of writing and formattingProper grammar and correct recite argon the underpinning elements of any written communication. early(a) writing and layout skills contribute significantly to the communication and acceptance of any document. here atomic number 18 some principles that provide evidence of good writing.Principles of good writingAudience Al modes design with an audience in mind. Where possible, state up front what the reader pro bill is. Aim at a special reader and assume that the reader is in secureigent but uninformed.Purpose in the beginning writing your document, determine the exact purpose of the report.Language employment voice c ommunication that is simple, concrete, and familiar.Structure When preparing explanatory notes follow the standard speakers approach First range your readers what you are going to tell them, then tell it to them, and fin exclusivelyy tell them what you told themCulturally appropriate communicationAccording to the website of the Department of Families, Community operate1, culturally appropriate communication meansFinding a substance to spend effectively that also respects and accepts cultural differences. Communication is a two-part process, so all parties ask to work together to achieve culturally appropriate communication. Its about discovering, recognising, understanding and working effectively within the influences of for each one others culture.Effective communication is an important component of any job. Effective communication ensures that ideas, instructions and information are shared in a behavior that ensures the memorial tablet achieves its objectives. For communi cation to be effective it un debarably to be mum and interpreted by the person receiving the message in the same way that the sender intended. So, effective communication becomes a challenge when the person you are communicating with is from a different background, has different value and perhaps has a different language to your experience. In these situations you need to deliver your communication in a culturally appropriate way if effective communication is to be achieved. some important points to consider to ensure culturally appropriate communication areRemember that you are communicating with individuals. Beware of the assumption that all people from a certain cultural share the same values and beliefs.All cultures are equal A different culture to your own does not mean a lesser one. While you are intimately comfortable with your own culture, this does not mean it is the the best or the just way people should behave.Speak clearly and concisely Sound voice communication out properly rather than slowly, which can sound patronising. Shorten your sentences and leave one idea per sentence. Add visual support like charts, images and diagrams to your schoolbook or verbal communications.Check for understanding Ask the person to buy out your communication back to you to ensure they mum the message how you intended.Be conscious of non-verbal communication Not all communication is verbal. Some studies report that up to two-thirds of the meaning of a message is interpreted by the non-verbal communication such(prenominal) as facial expressions, hand gestures, posture and tone of voice. Take compassionate not to allow your non-verbal communication to be misinterpreted by people from by other cultures.Language for report writingBe precise Use short sentences and be simple and direct. Avoid using excess dustup and cumbersome phrases. Express your meaning clearly and do not accustom clichs, jargon or ambiguous terms.Be objective Present information impa rtially and without bias. Present facts and exclude using emotive terms. Clearly have sex opinion from assumptions.Be accurate Ensure your report is free of spelling and grammatical errors. Proof read your work carefully before finalising and presenting it.Be impersonal Avoid the use of personal terms like I, my and me.Organisational requirements for producing reportsYour organisation may have templates or style guidelines that direct how documents are to be letd. This may include directions for use of company logos, headers and footers, page numbering and file naming protocols.You should ensure your report follows all necessary guidelines, contains all the relevant information and is presented professionally. Have a colleague check your work for expound you may have missed.Communication and Interpersonal skillsInterpersonal skills are a necessary component in the process of preparing financial statements. You must be able to effectively confirm the requirements for reporting in order to produce useable statements and recommendations.Some useful communication skills are outlined to a lower placeThird-personing This technique can be used to normalise a lymph glands feelings. illustration Many retirees are looking for ways to get a get out cash flow option This technique allows the client to respond to the statement and talk about the statement if they direct. It also allows the client to correct advisors assumptions.To the nth Degree This skill allows the client to define their own priorities and needs. You are refer with many different financial issues. What concerns you most? This technique shows respect for the clients needs and allows the client to control the interviews direction.Offering Options When a client is struggling with a decision, an advisor can offer a range of options, which allows the client to choose which options might work for them.Paraphrasing Paraphrasing lets the client know that they have been heard and understood by the a dvisor. This technique uses different language to reinforce what the client has said. It also allows the client to give an advisor feedback if they have been misunderstood. sleep with/normalise Acknowledge or normalise a clients feelings to reassure them. This helps builds trust, openness and self-respect. Example Thats a pretty common reaction.Affirming Statements Genuine affirmation improves the clients sense of well-being and builds on client strengths and past successes. Examples Thanks for your input today. It was very informativeThings to avoid There are ways in which communication can be interrupted or blocked unintentionally by the listeners response. Some of these responses to avoid include arguing, lecturing, moralising, preaching, judging, withdrawing, distracting or ridicule2.Learning activity Interpersonal skills order and describe three benefits that you think that a person charged with the debt instrument of preparing financial statements would secure by possessin g good interpersonal skills to deal with clients.1.23ListeningBecome an active listener There are five key elements to this to help ensure you are really listening to what the person has to sayPay attention Give the client your united attention and acknowledge the message. Recognise that what is not said also speaks loudly. showing that you are listening Use your own body language and gestures to intercommunicate your attention.Provide feedback Ask questions to clear certain points. What do you mean when you say? Is this what you mean?Defer judgment. Allow the client to finish. Dont interrupt with counter-arguments.Respond appropriately. Be candid, open, and honest in your response3.Learning activity Active listeningAm I being an active listener when I surround my pointYes/NoLook around the roomYes/NoI am honest in my responseYes/NoMy body is cladding away from the other personYes/NoI ask them to clarify a pointYes/NoLiaisingWhen confirming reporting requirements, you wil l need to liaise effectively with relevant stakeholders. Gathering information, answering queries and resolving difficulties curse on good communication skills and your job will be do easier when you can deal with everyone efficiently and effectively. Most problems hindering project outcomes are tied back to communication difficulties. To make this liaising process easier, consider implementing the side by side(p)Firstly have a clear idea about what youre alleged(a) to be doing. Clearly outline the terms and conditions under which youll be operating. know who is responsible for what and how things are going to get done, makes later disagreements less likely. Some tax agents use a standardised contract to establish and grapple this relationship.Secondly dont report to multiple people. Insist on one unvaried point of contact throughout the process. Requests for changes or updates should come from one person. This way there is less chance that youll end up chopping and changing as different people express their opinion.Thirdly, keep your client abreast of your promote on a regular basis. Maybe its a regular e-mail just to let them know that you have everything under control. This will pulley the client checking in on progress at condemnations that may be inconvenient and disrupt your work flow.Learning activity leaf node liaisonsIdentify different situations where you may need to liaise with a client when providing financial statement preparation services, and describe how this might be done. In particular, note what trigger points there are in the process that may require you to liaise or clarify information with a client.e.g. sign interview phone call to organise mutually acceptable time/date

Mindless Humans Essay -- essays research papers fc

Humans have been brotherlyly networked with each other since the time they have been created. Civilization was fashioned by gentlemans gentlemans interacting with one some other. With this interaction with others and communal peers, social man is a somnambulist (Asch 61). In other terms, when humans become social, they are real sleep walking, or following the crowd, even though whimsy in the western world has it that people are bump to train for themselves. This sleepwalking factor then turns individuals into unmindful(p) ants. It only occurs because a human is a social animal and with that comes, social pressures and authoritative figures.Stanley Milgram studied at Harvard University and tested how social humans would react in a reli fit situation. Milgram tested how certain individuals would respond to inflicting harm onto a nonher person because another figure told them to. He was interested in why regular twenty-four hour period people would actually do such horrific t hings to the victim. In the prove there was no physical consequence for the individual pushing the passing if they said no. People in this situation believed in that the scientist knew what he/she was doing so they assumed that what they were doing was acceptable even though in actuality they believed it was not right. Subjects gave up their free will to choose because a higher situation told them to do so. This is similar to ants in that the majority of ants are worker ants they result the authority of the queen and will act out every invite she wants. Even though the ants can cypher for themselves, they follow the authority. Originally the guess was that many would stop the experiment being aware that the person that they were shameful is indeed being harmed, but that was proven wrong (Milgram 41). A unlike scientist who redid this experiment found that 85 percent of his subjects were obedient (Milgram 42). As a result it was evident that individuals will succumb to author itative figures. Strudler and Warren excuse that the subjects acted the way they did because of authority heuristics, which is the reliance on an authority figure (57). In Milgrams experiment, the scientist was the authority figure in the experiment and the subject swear his/her judgment because they believed that the scientist knows what he/she is doing. Even though the subject believed they have free will in their choices, the pressures of t... ...ately, disinterestedly, without emotions (38). To do so would allow us to think for ourselves and not be swayed in any other direction by any other factors. As humans we are naturally social creatures. That is how civilization began, by humans interacting with each other. We need to be able to understand ourselves and trust ourselves so that we can make the decisions for ourselves and not me mindless ants just following the crowd. In the end the main person that is alter by decisions is the one who is making the decision.Works CitedLe ssing, Doris. Group Minds. makeup dickens Reader. Grafikarts Santa Barbara. 37-38. 2000Milgram, Stanley. The Perils of Obedience. Writing devil Reader. Grafikarts Santa Barbara. 39-50. 2000Nssani, Moti. Review on Stabley Milgrams Experiments on Obedience. Writing dickens Reader. Grafikarts Santa Barbara. 51-54. 2000Strudler, Alan. Authority and Excuses. Writing Two Reader. Grafikarts Santa Barbara. 55-60. 2000Asch, Solomon. Opinions and Social Pressure. Writing Two Reader. Grafikarts Santa Barbara. 61-66. 2000Fromm, Erich. Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem. Writing Two Reader. Grafikarts Santa Barbara. 67-71. 2000

A Comparison of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism Essay -- Compare

A Comparison of Impressionism and Post-ImpressionismIn this essay, I go a counselling contrast and compare the two art movements, Impressionism, and Post-Impressionism. I will be concentrating on the works of the two leading artists of these agencys Claude Monet and Vincent van Gogh.The impressionist movement is often considered to mark the beginning of the modern period of art. It was demonstrable in France during the late 19th century. The impressionist movement arose out of dissatisfaction with the classical, silent subjects and clean cut precise techniques of painting. They preferred to paint outdoors concentrating much on landscapes and street scenes, and began to paint ordinary everyday people and want to show the effects in natural light.Claude Monet is often considered one of greatest or so dedicated of the Impressionist painters. His aim was to catch the light and atmosphere, well-nighthing that was precisely done before. He enjoyed painting outdoors and developed a scanty and spontaneous painting technique. His brushwork is remarkably flexible and vary. He often changed his technique, sometimes broad and sweeping other times dappled and sparkling.Le Grenouillere is a typical example of how much the style of painting had changed. The piece has been create outdoors using light and burnished influence, and is of a fairly ordinary everyday scene. It is a work in which we see his art losing the start of its stiffness and clean cut edge.The composition concentrates mainly on the suck up .It has three main points of interest, the small rowing boats, the artificial island and the floating hie .It withal has a stretch of trees and foliage in the back filth miscellaneous in a much lighter fashion. Monet?s painting has a very different composition from Renoir?s painting of Grenouillere, which was done at the same time Renoir?s painting is focussed much much on the artificial island and the people on it. Monet uses a combination of rich bold brushstrokes and small short soft brushstrokes this creates a nice varied look and helps give a good impression of perspective. The tone is also very varied as it is Very light in some areas, just it is also quite dark in others, such as the shades on the barge. The use of dark shades in the set off makes the boat look so realistic and quite 3D. Although the middle ground is flatter this helps add to the perspective. The water ho... ...m each other. I like the way in which the Impressionist painters managed to break away from the traditional ways of painting. Their thoughtful ways painting which show the effects of light (especially on water) so well are rightfully to be admired. Their use of light bright colours made the way for future painters to become free and tell their artwork how they choose. They used short sharp brushwork similar to the Post-Impressionist painters and I intent that Post-Impressionism seems to be almost like a more extreme pas seul of Impressionism . However of the two styles I think that I prefer the Post-Impressionist style as I feel it is freer, bright and shows more emotion. I especially like the long broken and sometimes swirly brushwork which gives everyday scenes a more interesting and exciting feel .The use of bright and vibrant colours brings the paintings to life and creates a range of moods .The artist which I like the most is Van Gogh as I feel his artwork is really quite outstanding .He creates whole new and exciting visions of his interpretations on the things he sees. Not only did he create vivid and intense paintings but also he could express his moods and feelings through them.

Spartan and Persian Ideology Essay -- Ancient History

Good afternoon, Ive been asked to speak with you about the historical accuracy of late(a) popular culture incarnations of both Spartan and Persian ideology and in particular Ive chosen to evaluate Zack Snyders 2007, movie ccc in pronounce to demonstrate to you its compatibility between ancient sourced depictions of both Spartan and Persian philosophy.From this evaluation and historical representations given by philosophers and historians during about the same era that is represented within 300. It is argued that the popular culture incarnations of Sparta as the Noble, selfless fighters with a warrior mentality and the Persians as the Evil, tyrannical, overindulgent, oppressors were not entirely historically accurate. As with most historical re-enactments, 300 places significant exaggeration on each civilizations central city-state ideologies and this is reflected in each scene by the actions of the individuals throughout Zack Snyders film. The representation of the Spartan warrior mentality through scenes depicting new-fashioned Spartan children throughout their childhood participating in multiple feeling threatening challenges are seemingly accurate as the primary invention of Spartan schooling was to produce perfect soldiers, through strictly condition military training that began for all boys at the age of 7 as they left home to join the agoge. The agoge was set up in order to weaken family ties and create personal identity. These children were usually allotted no shoes, low clothing and educated through a vigorous training agenda of boxing, wrestling, javelin and discus throwing. They suffered through harsh conditions and were taught to take satisfaction in digest pain and hardship, as well as to value strengt... ...ender them more smart in securing provisions, and better qualified for warfare....I must also say something of the boys as objects of affection, for this likewise has some reference to education.... Lycurgus thought proper, if any man (being himself much(prenominal) as he ought to be) admired the disposition of a youth, and made it his inclination to render him a faultless friend, and to enjoy his company, to bestow praise on the boy and he regarded this as the most excellent kind of education...An estimable death is preferable to a dishonourable life.... At Lacedaemon everyone would be dishonored to tolerate a coward into the same tent as himself, or allow him to be his opponent in a match at wrestling.... toilette Paul Adams, CSUN, January 26, 2010, 147pm. Xenophon on the Spartans, Lycurgus viewed 29th, February, 2012.Sourced from http//www.csun.edu/hcfll004/sparta-a.html.