How Important Is Postgraduate Education Education Essay

First, Jie Liu believes that it is critical for every graduate student selling instruction supplier to understand the three features of a graduate student selling pupil which are motivations, outlooks and readiness. Liu divided the factors that may possibly actuate pupils to take postgraduate selling instruction into intrinsic, extrinsic and calling related. In a research executed by Liu where questionnaires were distributed to marketing pupils of four different British universities, the consequence depicted that what motivated pupils for marketing graduate student surveies were intrinsic and calling related factors. This means that pupils chose the postgraduate selling plan at their ain will so that it could assist them construct a calling and supply them with greater chances. This is the ground why there are legion international pupils in the United Kingdom as several pupils from developing states such as India and China believe that analyzing abroad can assist them achieve suited occupations. â€Å" It is promoting to happen that far more of the Chinese pupils, who have invested so much in footings of household fundss and attempt to travel to the UK to analyze, were optimistic instead than pessimistic about their calling chances † ( Counsell 2011:71 ) . In respects to outlooks, Liu states that all pupils expected that they would be provided with theoretical every bit good as practical cognition on the topic. Graduate student pupils have high outlooks that the programme will learn them a batch which will be of significance in their hereafter. Furthermore, Liu identifies the feature of readiness to be indispensable. Postgraduate pupils need to be prepared, holding an apprehension of the class and a series of accomplishments to assist them get by with their graduate student instruction. Liu so distinguished place and international pupils in respects to preparedness after transporting out a farther analysis. The consequences showed that international pupi ls were less prepared than place pupils. There are assorted grounds as to why an international pupil could be less prepared such as different larning techniques, trouble in understanding the linguistic communication, civilization daze and non being able to accommodate to the British environment. Therefore, Liu seeks to supply cognition about graduate student selling instruction in the United Kingdom by mensurating the motivations, outlooks and readiness of graduate student selling pupils. Second, the article written by Liu has its ain strengths and failings. The extreme advantage of the article is that it focuses on a peculiar field which is postgraduate selling instruction. This could help other selling research workers and leaders with their survey as there are limited researches stressing on graduate student selling programme. In add-on, Liu succeeds in making an understanding about motivations, outlooks and readiness of graduate student selling pupils which would back up graduate student selling suppliers to plan their programme consequently. With these assets, the article does keep out defects every bit good. The research prepared by Liu where questionnaires were given out to marketing pupils of four British universities did lend accurate replies but there were restrictions. As stated in the article, the research was made utilizing the questionnaires returned by 90 five pupils which is comparatively a little figure for a research made for graduate student selling instruction and the four British universities surveyed were all set in a peculiar geographical country in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, Liu references that a individual quantitative method is used in informations aggregation and that there is no qualitative attack practised in the research. Even so, Liu points out differences between place and international pupils which could be imprecise as with such a little study it is non plausible to carry through a clear and broad image. â€Å" Provision of higher instruction for international pupils has become an of import beginning of income for Western universities and these pupils have attracted research attending † ( Huang 2008:1003 ) . Therefore, even with an copiousness of facts, the article seems uncomplete and lacks preciseness. Third, Liu decidedly recognises the turning importance of graduate student selling instruction and wants postgraduate selling pupils every bit good as the graduate student selling suppliers in the United Kingdom to profit from the programme. Since international pupils constitute bulk of the programme, Liu believes that these international pupils should have maximal advantage. Marketing instruction suppliers should be able to assist, back up, and understand international pupils so as to better the experience for pupils which would back up United Kingdom to keep onto its prima place in the instruction market globally. â€Å" At a clip when higher instruction establishments are developing schemes to spread out the Numberss of graduate student pupils, placing the academic and societal demands of full-time graduate student pupils is of paramount importance † ( Humphrey and McCarthy, 1999:371 ) . To reason, Liu mentions that international pupils come all the manner to the United Kingdom, paying a monolithic sum of fee, therefore, there money should be valued and they should be provided with a theoretical and practical cognition experience. This would present an advantage to the pupils and the instruction suppliers in the United Kingdom.

Crime Does Not Pay Essay

Chris Paciello could be aptly described as a violent nice-looking hoodlum and lover. There was not much account on Paciello’s childhood life. However, his real name was Christian Ludwigzen and he was identified as a â€Å"thug wrapped up† in New York’s mob scene prior to his reinvention of himself in Miami. From 1987 to 1993, he was engaged in various robberies and theft cases, robbing establishments such hardware stores, video shops and pharmacies, and even pet store. He was also involved in some club and bar brawls and became in touch with the notorious gang of violent Brooklyn mobster. However, when things got rough with him, he fled to Miami to start a fresh new life. He reinvented himself, and transformed the Miami Beach area into a prime nightlife destination through his club Liquid which became the hottest place in America, using ill-gotten funds which he extracted from his robbery activities and his connection with the gang of violent mobster back in Brooklyn. Thus, Paciello was making legal money from his illegal funds, and making good reputation in the eyes of the public out of his relationships with famous women. In other words, he became a better person for being a womanizer. Pacillo’s connections with very popular people worked best for him as he quickly complete his own transformation. From a notorious robber connected to a dreaded gang of violent mobster, he is now a respectable, rich businessman, and lover of highly socialite women. His past crimes were already covered by the make-over he had made. He is now somebody who is greatly contributing to Miami’s economy. The question therefore is, if a person is contributing significantly to the economy, can he find favor in the law? Perhaps this could be the reason that many of his previous court cases were either dissolve or he got acquitted. But as the saying goes â€Å"Crime does not pay,† justice never sleep. His connection with outlawed mobsters leads to his own downfall as various cases sprang up against him including a homicide case. According to one law enforcer, Paciello was facing 30 years to life in jail but this was commuted to seven years imprisonment because he gave information about the bigger bosses of the violent mobsters. Could this be a form of bribery? I do not know, but it surely does him a great deal of favor.

Mathematics.Games for drill and practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mathematics.Games for drill and practice - Essay Example Since 1989, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics has developed standards for Mathematics in the schools. Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 12 are included in these standards that relate to instruction, classroom materials, and student evaluation.The NCTM standards are more specific and detailed models of teaching procedures. The NCTM standards describe specific ways base ten blocks and other manipulative can be used to help students understand the certain concepts within the standards. In this essay four different activities are described.In this particular game each student begins with 20 fish out of water. Each player rolls a die and counts out that many fish to return to the fish bowl. The first player to return all 20 of his/her fish to the bowl wins the game. The materials used are foam fish cutouts and a plastic bowl for a more realistic version of the game or download the directions, game mat and center icons for Fish out of Water.This game is designed especially for t he pre-kindergarten kids who are very new to numbers and help children understand basic number concepts thus helping them to develop the number sense of basic counting. Also, the activity enhances the kid's ability to recognize the numbers better and remember them for a longer period of time.The set of instructions given for this game are very simple and easy to comprehend for the kids who are just learning to recognize the numbers. For example the instructor can show a video of the activity and then play with the help of the instructor and finally let them play on their own. The second activity is called Addition Top-It: This game can be played by two to three players and the materials required are: a set of number cards with four cards each of the numbers 0-10, a penny which is optional in the game. A player shuffles the cards and places the deck number-side down on the playing surface. Each player turns over two cards and calls out their sum. The player with the highest sum wins the round and takes all the cards. In the case of a tie, each player turns over two more cards and calls out their sum. The player with the highest sum then takes all the cards from both plays. Play ends when not enough cards are left for each player to have another turn. The player with the most cards wins the game. There is an option available with the game which allows the children to toss a penny to determine whether the player with the most or the fewest cards wins. The other variations are also available with this game are as follows: 1. Use a set of double-nine dominoes instead of a set of number cards to generate addition problems then place the dominoes facedown on the playing surface. Each player turns over a domino and calls out the sum of the dots on the two halves. The winner of a round takes all the dominoes then in play. 2. To practice addition with three addends, use three cards and play the same as described above. This game is suited for the students in grade one where they begin to learn the basic concept of addition, subtraction, multiplication etc. The number sense that the player is the addition of numbers which is the second step after the children can recognize the basic numbers and are ready to do more complex activities with the numbers. Also, by practicing these kind of exercises skills like calculator skills, money exchange and shopping skills, logic, geometric intuition, and intuition about probability and chance because many games involve numbers that are generated randomly are reinforced within the children. The instructions given at this level are easy and simple and also less as compared to the instructions given for the first activity as the understanding of the children increase. For example the teacher can display the video of the game and then allow them to take drills of the activity according to the comfort of the students like practicing it during breaks or

My essay may pose a policy argument, or a definition-based argument

My may pose a policy argument, or a definition-based argument. or a causation-based argument, or an evaluation argument - Essay Example not have been supported prior to September 11, it does seem acceptable - and reasonable - to profile people who appear to be Arab since they are perceived to be the group that hate Americans and are willing to die to make their point. The case can be made that this type of limited racial or ethnic profiling is necessary considering the new reality that exists post 9/11. I would like to emphasize at the outset, that the profiling addressed in this essay is of a relatively limited nature - focusing on security measures at airports or any other areas of the transportation industry that may be a potential target of terrorists. In this regard, here are two facts to consider. First: Out of the 19 hijackers on those four planes that were hijacked on September 11, all 19 were Arabs. Second: Although most Arabs are definitely not terrorists, it does appear that most terrorists are Arabs. Indeed, â€Å"Of the 22 suspects on the FBIs "most wanted" list of international terrorists, all are Arabic, all are practitioners of Islam and all come from known state incubators of terrorism in the Middle East.† (Riley 2001) Lest we think that primarily white Americans are proponents of this radical thinking, note the results from a Gallup Poll that was published in The Boston Globe: 71% of black respondents said they would favor more intensive security checks for Arabs, including those who are U.S. citizens, before they boarded planes; 57% of whites said they would favor such a policy; and 63% of other nonwhites said they, too, would favor it. So it would appear from this poll, as well as others, that a clear majority of the population is undeniably in favor of profiling Arabs as a means of increasing National Security. However, this is America - and in America we do not accept the profiling of an entire group of our citizens - racially, ethnically, or otherwise. If you think that is true, you would be mistaken. In reality, there are two specific areas in which racial profiling not

MBA Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MBA Essays - Essay Example I proposed a plan to Greenline, an environmental NGO that I deal with awareness campaigns. The plan was to clean the sandy beach using shovels and placing sponges to prevent oil in the sea from returning onto the sand. I coordinated with Greenline’s VP to secure the sponges and shovels, and contacted the Red Cross and schools’ community service groups to help. With more than 50 volunteers, we were able to clean 5 km of Beirut shoreline. As the news spread, more people joined arms, cleaning additional 15 km of shoreline. â€Å"You will not inherit anything, only education.† This was my father’s often-repeated phrase. My siblings and I faced limited prospects due to our family’s financial situation and even dimmer prospects while in countries like Lebanon. The only way forward was through a top-notch education, which I had benefited from via a merit scholarship. I wanted to maximize my siblings’ chances of following my path. My youngest sister, Rula, had demonstrated high academic potential although the best education available at the American University of Beirut was beyond my parent’s financial capabilities. My sister however succeeded in her admission and I decided to finance her education. The decision meant many things at a personal level; it meant selling my car, and reducing the outings and other expenditures that are appropriate for man in his mid-twenties. Career wise, it meant taking up overtime and delaying my postgraduate plans for a year. Rula’s motivation and hard work paid off. She is soon to graduate from AUB before joining a private equity firm in Qatar. I know her life and surroundings will be changed for the better and I hope in some ways that I passed our father’s legacy to her. I was hired amongst a team of four by Etisalat, the national telecom operator in the United Arab Emirates, to propose the next generation Information, Communication, & Technology (ICT) policy

The Power of the Fourteenth Amendment Research Paper

The Power of the Fourteenth Amendment - Research Paper Example The fourteenth amendment granted equal civil and legal rights as well as citizenship to the African Americans and the slaves of the American civil war. They were thus included in the phrase all persons born or naturalized in the United States had the right to be given American citizenship. The power of the fourteenth amendment is well expressed in its five sections: The section one argues that all individuals born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are United States citizens and citizens they live in according to Wagner (2000). It forbids the state from exercising a law that abridges the United States citizens’ privileges and immunities. According to this section, the state has no right to deprive individuals their property, life or liberty without following the legal process. It also ensures that any person within a state’s jurisdiction is equally protected. Since the ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1971, the fourteenth amendment remains the most important amendment in protecting the rights of the individuals. The amendment was driven by the incidence of civil wars in the United States. Initially, this section only defined citizenship and offered protection to the civil and political rights of the individual hence less powerful. Its limitation was that the Africans could not possess United States citizenship and could not enjoy any citizenship privileges and immunities. ... Under the initial constitution anyone regarded as a United States citizen was first to become a citizen of a certain state in the country. This could not apply to the emancipated citizens, the need of the clause to define citizenship. It meant that a United States’ citizen was also a citizen of a state he/she resided in. The power of the clause has been subjected to different interpretations. It author argued that it had similar content with the original one and it only varied in wording. According to Bosniak (2008), the meaning of this clause was tested in 1884 to establish whether a person born in the United States was automatically granted national citizenship. It was held by the Supreme Court that the Native Americans who left their tribes voluntarily could not automatically acquire national citizenship. The court also claimed that under this clause, a person born in the American soil to a Chinese citizen permanently leaving in US on business and not under official or dipl omatic employment were guaranteed American citizenship. The same was also meant to apply to children who belonged to foreign national but not of Chinese descent. The power of this clause also maintains it that, children neither of United States citizens nor foreign diplomats, but born there were guaranteed citizenship after birth. However it was argued under this clause that, Children belonging to ambassadors as well as foreign ministers were excluded from citizenship. Loss of citizenship is another powerful clause section one of the fourteenth amendment. This clause gives two conditions under which individual can lose their citizenship. These conditions are Fraud in the process of naturalization

Being America's First Black President is Not an Impeachable Offense Essay

Being America's First Black President is Not an Impeachable Offense - Essay Example The extent to which this opposition is due to his politics and his race is discussed in the context of recent events. It is concluded that a president cannot enjoy success without reasonable cooperation with those from other political parties. Being America’s First Black President is Not an Impeachable Offense The concept of impeachment has a rich history in American rhetoric. The term emerged from France in the 1640s, and it refers to a judicial proceeding against a public official (OED, 2010). In the United States, only two presidents have ever been impeached: President Andrew Johnson in 1868 (for violating the Tenure of Office Act) and President Bill Clinton in 1998 (for alleged perjury). Both of these attempts at impeachment succeeded; however, they certainly sent a strong message to the accused and the country, and it is an important asset to a constitutional republic. A so-called â€Å"impeachable† offense by a Federal official could be any unethical or illegal ac tion. Regardless of its usefulness in ensuring the rule of law, it is a useful tool in political rhetoric because it signals a substantive opposition to someone in power. Now, opponents of President Barack Obama propose to impeach him because of a wide range of problems they see with his policymaking. Recently, one Republican lawyer drafted impeachment proceedings against the President because of his commitment to help Libyan rebels win their civil war (Smith, 2011). The â€Å"Impeach Obama Campaign,† which is a petition that claims over one million signatures, takes issue with nearly every development emerging from Obama White House (Shapiro, 2011). In a political environment like this, it is little wonder why the President’s opponents claim he has been an ineffective leader. As an expert on negotiation will say, it is impossible to produce good results when every proposal, every thought, and every action is stonewalled. The virtue of winning the political game is pra cticed more than the virtue of creating good policy in the contemporary political environment. However, unquestioning opposition to President Barack Obama is not a new phenomenon; it is something Americans have seen since the young Illinois Senator emerged as a serious candidate in the 2008 election cycle. According to writers at Politico, President Obama has demonstrated that he is not the kind of president with a naive hope to change Washington (Harris & VandeHei, 2010). This is demonstrated by the steps he took in 2010 to overhaul health care in the United States and a financial reform. For an advisor to the President, it is frustrating that despite these accomplishments, America is still not satisfied with the level of success they would like to see from the Federal government (Geraghty, 2010). He notes that any one of the President’s most significant accomplishments would have been celebrated much more heavily if there were any other president in the White House (Geraght y, 2010). Thus, the question becomes about the factors that are holding President Barack Obama back from being celebrated as a successful (or at least â€Å"effective†) president. Indeed, there seems to be a multitude of different factors, not the least of which is the critical opposition he faced from the other side of the political aisle. In what

Developing Business Information System Solutions Essay - 1

Developing Business Information System Solutions - Essay Example On the other hand in the market, Allocative Efficiency would be reached when the quantity demanded by the consumers equal the quantity supplied by the producer at a market price of Pm. It may be noted that this price is equal to the price at which the individual firm is supplying (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2001, p. 424). Here the quantity Q1 is the total quantity supplied by all the identical firms in the market producing homogeneous products. Due to technological progress all the firms modify their production process and may be supplying at a lower cost. Hence any firm that operates in this market has to keep up with the technological progress in order to meet the consumer demand and restrain from being driven out of the market due to competition. This phenomenon is Dynamic Efficiency that is achieved because all the firms continuously upgrade their technology of production. Answer 2 a) In a monopolistically competitive market there are a large number of producers each producing a diff erentiated product and the price and quantity produced is decided by the producers (price makers) entirely based on the cost of production. The demand curve faced by the firm in such a market is downward sloping because the firms can change its price independently. Now in the short run, equilibrium will be reached at a point where MR=MC i.e. at the price P1 the firm will supply the quantity q1 and the cost that will be incurred where the average cost curve cuts the line aq1 i.e. at the price p2. Therefore, the firm earns a super normal profit of p1p2ba which is depicted by the shaded area (Boyes and Melvin, 2012, p.168). In the long run, new firms enter in to the market. This makes the demand curve more elastic. Thus the price of the individuals firms come down eventually. This process continues till the point where all the firms only earn normal profits. At the point E equilibrium is achieved where the AC curve is tangent to the AR=D curve. The price at which the firm supplies is P * and the quantity is q*. Only normal profits are earned in the long run. b) Both in the long run and in the short run, efficiency is not achieved in monopolistic competition. Most firms produce with excess capacity in such a market i.e. output at which profit is maximised is less than the minimum AC output and hence productive efficiency is not achieved. Again the firm charges a P that is greater than MC as the demand curve faced is downward sloping. Hence Allocative Efficiency is not achieved. Answer 3 In a situation of a natural monopoly a particular firm operating in the market has such a cost advantage over the other firms that it is able to provide goods at a price that is much lower than what the other firms are offering. This drives the other firms out of the competition and the single firm remains with the monopolistic control of the market. A situation of natural monopoly is shown above. A monopolist would optimise at the point where MR=MC and would thus charge a very high price of Pm where market demand would be met. Now the perfectly competitive firm would reach equilibrium at the point where P=AR=MC. When the government fixes a price at Pfr, the monopolist is forced to charge a lower price and the firm breaks even at the point where ATC=AR. So if there was no regulation, the monopolist would produce much less and have more producers’ surplus (Hicks, 1939, p. 129). In this case the amount is much less. Answer 4 a) Externality is a situation in which the

Quality Management High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quality Management High School - Essay Example Focusing on intangible effects on processes and ways to optimize and reduce their effects. Examination of the way the organization applies the product aimed at improving the product itself and Broadening management concern beyond the product. TQM is mainly concerned with continuous improvement in all work, whether in strategic planning and decision-making or at the supervisory level. It is based in the belief that, mistakes are avoidable and their effects are preventable. It leads to continuously improving results, in all aspects of work, as a result of continuously improving capabilities of workers, processes and technology. TQM is very key to achieving efficiency in the health sector in that it ensures that an organisation maintains a quality standard in all aspects of its business and undertakings. This involves doing things the right and therefore eliminating wastage and losses from the organisations operations. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is one of the major operating components of the Department of Health and Human Services, an agency, in the United States government for protecting health and safety of the Americans and other needy people throughout the world. CDC concerns itself with prevention and control of infectious and chronic diseases, injuries or workplace hazards, and environmental problems.

Tax avoidance; a debate easily resolved Assignment

Tax avoidance; a debate easily resolved - Assignment Example According to, European Commission: Consultation on Double Non-Taxation Cases. (2012, May 1), tax avoidance is an approach where individuals use the legally provided tax policies to reduce the burden of taxation on them. In as much as such act is legal we will find that morally it is repugnant. In addition, the UK law tries as much as possible to minimize the loopholes that individuals are likely to use in tax avoidance schemes. The challenge though has been the sheer fact that the UK tax law is targeted as opposed to being purposive. There has been a consistent crop up of schemes that go around the law and these have further fueled legislative action. It is in record that so many commentators have advocated for the formulation of legislations to counter tax avoidance in general. This has been fueled by the fact that the establishment of the GAARs would ensure that efforts by the public to avoid taxation are thwarted (Freedman 2004). This further ensures that the taxpayer and the lawm akers divert their energies and efforts to other more productive activities. The tax authority is as well given the chance of being in the position of simplifying the law without being undermined. Among many other things, tax avoidance has been viewed to as well be an ethical issue in business. Companies have been found to seek for the minimization of their tax liabilities as a part of good governance through tax planning. They do so by making use and exploiting all the tools made available to them by the governments of the day (Sikka 2013). Such tools include allowances given, deductions advanced, and rebates. While tax planning is an open, convenient and compliant behavior, tax avoidance is a complex issue for most companies in the UK. Tax avoidance is a legitimate and it is the use of tools such as financial instruments to achieve tax desires that are favorable to the taxpayer while unanticipated by the government. Companies can employ the use of overseas

Advertising media industry Essay Example for Free

Advertising media industry Essay I am student in a work placement agency called STG Media Corporation, a company which dedicates their mission and vision in providing accountable advertising solutions. In my 7 week placement here in the corporation, I learned a lot and discovered that nothing beats on-hand experience in working. Week One (provide date) It was a week of anticipation, stress and learning. How does one person deal with work placement? The first day was dedicated with meeting the executive staff, the working staff, and introduction to what the company is. STG Media Corp. is an interesting work placement agency. I learned about the company through one of my friends and I thought that working for a media company will be so great; little did I know that it is a lot difficult. The first thing that came up in my mind when STG Media Corp. was mentioned is that it is just an advertising company. But it is different. The company details their service in the concept of accountable advertising, in which they refine print advertising media in context of the 21st century need. As a communication student, this was beginning to worry me. After the primary day of introduction, I get to know more about the company and the thought that it is not the conventional type of advertising agency made me overwhelmed with the job and the condition in the work place. This week, I was designated to the Print Media Research, print Media Planning and Market Analysis of one of the company’s client. The company of a branded sports drink is asking STG Media Corp. to help them with the advertising promotion in one of the new products they will launch in about 5 months time. The first thing I did was to interview the sports drink company representative about the nature of their company. I went to their office was so anxious to do the interview that I forgot to bring my recorder, which is considered as one of the great mistakes before doing an interview, coming unprepared. But the good thing is, I did the interview well. I was given the set questions of STG Media Corp., questions that are required to be asked to the client, and throughout the interview, I inserted some of the questions I thought myself to be able to get a good amount of fact for the company. As inexperienced as I am in working for the company, one of the greatest skill I learned is to communicate effectively and luckily I am able to do that with this interview. During the week, one of the great challenges I faced was inputting the vital information of the company’s client to their database called the Print Media Buying System. The PMBS which is the company’s own database generates detailed market research, analysis reports accounting for all aspects such as demographic information, buying trends and other print media recommendations. I really asked for help this time as since I was not acquainted with the kind of technology they used in the particular system. But later I got the hang of it and was commended for a job well done in collecting information from the client. Week 2 (provide date) Before the work placement began, I was told that I will be working full time in one of the company’s venture with a famous sports drink brand. I thought that would be easy since I don’t have to do all the other work, but the challenged I soon found out during the second week is that the process of STG Media Corp. as an advertising consultant is a process to which many steps are taken. This week I am part of the Creative Team designated by the company to help the sports drink brand. Although I must be clear that I was just a part of the team, doing menial job that the professionals are tasked to do. I learned one great thing about the print media industry, 75% of advertisement fail because of weak creative and non-compelling ad copy. It’s true that one of the strengths of a great brand is not just with its quality, but through rigorous and effective advertising that they create. Before working here, I thought that companies only advertise for the sake of advertising, but companies do take this strategy very seriously. On the third day of this week, I was asked to look at one print ad for five seconds during one of the meetings of the Creative Team. They asked me questions rigorously, whether it be based on the appearance or the content. I answered them frankly and mention the things that I would personally think about the ad if I was just a normal consumer looking at the advertisement. Several times, the Team will press and argue their points with me, but all was attributed to presenting a better advertisement for the client. During this week, as unprofessional to assume the role of being a advertiser consultant, I was placed in the position of the consumer, the Team’s viewpoint on the things they realize about the brand and how they can effectively approach working for the client. I really felt like my ideas were respected and included to the Creative Team’s analysis of the product. This week, I also was comfortable with the workplace. I am familiar with the different employees and get to have small talks with them through several breaks. Its interesting how some of them had assumed I am part of the Creative Team when in fact; I am just a student on work placement.

Military Essay Example for Free

Military Essay With over 12 years of civilian government, can anyone point to any tangible or credible development in our nation apart from the over inflated GSM services which was done by the Obasanjo government and only one or two state governors performing above par. The rest are just useless, this has been the case with every democratic dispensation right from the first republic. The first republic was slightly better, save some regions. The second, third and the current crops are blatant real thieves in agbada and babariga. Shame on the lot of them. I prefer the military as least we know where we stand and how far we can misbehave. Most infrastructural developments in the country where done under the military regime e.g. the famous lagos-ibadan expressway Gowon, the plan was to make that expressway all the way to ilorin. lagos international airport (known now as MMIA) Gowon building of oil refineries Gowon 3rd Mainland bridge Babangida effective law order Buhari dealing with foreign companies (e.g British Airways) Abacha plain level exchange rate Abacha festac nigeria Obasanjo -operation feed the nation Obasanjo The list is endless, but our civilian governments have been just too merciless, taking jumbo pays and doing absolutely nothing. Someone can help us check, how many bills were passed last year, instead they are always eager or will fight if their allowances are being debated Unfortunately and this is sad, we in Nigeria are not yet ripe or intellectually developed to operate a democratic government What is needed is a real tough no nonsense military ruler, who specialises in kicking back sides

The Characteristics And Applications Of Manets Computer Science Essay

The Characteristics And Applications Of Manets Computer Science Essay Chapter 1 The advent of ubiquitous computing and the creation of new, powerful, efficient, portable computing devices have focused the importance of mobile and wireless networking. Mobile wireless communications and networking is an emerging technology that allows users to access information and services electronically at any time, regardless of their geographic positions. There are two types of wireless networks: infrastructure based wireless networks and infrastructure-less wireless networks (ad hoc networks). The infrastructure based wireless networks have routers and gateways as stationary components to which mobile nodes within the network connect. Mobile nodes connect to the nearest base station whose communication radius covers the area that the nodes are in. When a mobile node moves out of the coverage area of a base station, it is handed off to a new base station that covers the area that the node is now in. Cellular phone technology is a typical example of an infrastructure network. The second type of wireless network is the ad hoc network. The term ad hoc tends to different forms and can be mobile, stand alone, or networked[1]. A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a self-organized wireless communication short lived network that contains collection of mobile nodes. The mobile nodes communicate with one another by wireless radio links without the use of any pre-established fixed communication network infrastructure or centralized administration, such as base stations or access points, and with no human intervention [2, 3, 5, 6, 7]. Self-organizing means that MANETs have the ability to spontaneously form a network of mobile nodes or hosts, merged together or partitioned into separate networks on-the-fly depending on the networking needs and dynamically handle the joining or leaving of nodes in the network. The major objectives of self organized MANET are: scalability, reliability, and availability. Mobile nodes are low capacity autonomous computing devices that are capable of roaming independently. Because of the fact that nodes are mobile, the network topology changes rapidly and unpredictably over time. Each mobile node acts as both a host and a specialized router to relay information (forward packets) to other mobile nodes. The success of the communication highly depends on the other nodes cooperation. The nodes themselves are responsible for dynamically discovering other nodes to communicate in radio range. Figure 1.1: Heterogeneous Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) Typical MANET nodes are Laptops, PDAs, Pocket PCs, Cellular Phones, Internet Mobil Phones, Palmtops or any other mobile wireless devices. These devices are typically lightweight and battery operated. Figure 1.1 illustrates an example of a heterogeneous MANET and its communication technology which contains one PDA, one pocket PC, one laptop, one mobile phone and one mobile device. Since mobile phone is outside pocket PCs transmission range, the data from pocket PC to mobile phone must be retransmitted by laptop. 1.1.1 Characteristics of MANETs The main characteristics of MANETs are: the complete lack of centralized control, lack of association among nodes, rapid mobility of hosts, frequent dynamically varying network topology, shared broadcast radio channel, insecure operating environment, physical vulnerability and limited availability of resources, such as CPU processing capacity, memory power, battery power, and bandwidth [2, 6, 7, 8]. Dynamic Network Topologies: The nodes in MANETs are free to move independently in any direction. The networks wireless topology may change frequently and randomly at unpredictable times and primarily consists of bidirectional links. Low Bandwidth: These networks have lower capacity and shorter transmission range than fixed infrastructure networks. The throughput of wireless communication is lesser than wired communication because of the effect of the multiple access, fading, noise, and interference conditions. Limited Battery Power: The nodes or hosts operate on small batteries and other exhaustible means of energy. So, energy conservation is the most important design optimization criteria. Decentralized Control: Due to unreliable links, the working of MANET depends upon cooperation of participating nodes. Thus, implementation of any protocol that involves a centralized authority or administrator becomes difficult. Unreliable Communications: The shared-medium nature and unstable channel quality of wireless links may result in high packet-loss rate and re-routing instability, which is a common phenomenon that leads to throughput drops in multi-hop networks. This implies that the security solution in wireless ad hoc networks cannot rely on reliable communication. Weak Physical Protection: MANETs are more prone to physical security threats than fixed-cable nets. Mobile nodes are usually compact, soft and hand-held in nature. Today, portable devices are getting smaller and smaller. They could get damaged or lost or stolen easily and misused by an adversary. The increased possibility of different types of attacks should be carefully considered. Scalability: Due to the limited memory and processing power on mobile devices, the scalability is a key problem when we consider a large network size. Networks of 10,000 or even 100,000 nodes are envisioned, and scalability is one of the major design concerns. 1.1.2 Applications of MANETs There are many applications of MANETs. The domain of applications for MANETs is diverse, ranging from small, static networks that are constrained by power sources to large-scale, mobile, highly dynamic networks. Significant examples include establishing survivable, efficient, dynamic communication for: network-centric military/battlefield environments, emergency/rescue operations, disaster relief operations, intelligent transportation systems, conferences, fault-tolerant mobile sensor grids, smart homes, patient monitoring, environment control, and other security sensitive applications. Most of these applications demand a specific security guarantees and reliable communication [2, 5, 7, 9]. Some well known applications are: Military Tactical Operations: For fast and possibly short term establishment of military communications and troop deployments in hostile and/or unknown environments. Search and Rescue Operations: For communication in areas with little or no wireless infrastructure support. Disaster Relief Operations: For communication in environments where the existing infrastructure is destroyed or left inoperable. Law Enforcement: For secure and fast communication during law enforcement operations. Commercial Use: For enabling communications in exhibitions, conferences and large gatherings. For some business scenarios, the need for collaborative computing might be more important outside office environments than inside a building. After all, it is often the case where people do need to have outside meetings to cooperate and exchange information on a given project. 1.1.3 Routing in MANETs Node mobility has a large impact on the behavior of ad hoc networks. The nodes in the network are free to move independently in any direction to change the routes. Every node in MANET acts as a router that discovers and maintains routes in the network. The nodes themselves are responsible for dynamically discovering other nodes to communicate. When a node wants to communicate with a node outside its transmission range, a multi-hop routing strategy is used which involves some intermediate nodes. The networks wireless topology changes frequently and randomly at unpredictable times. In order to allow truly spontaneous, infrastructure-less networking and efficient end-to-end communication with the network of nodes, a routing protocol is used to discover the optimal routes between the nodes. Hence, the primary challenge is to establish a correct and efficient route between a pair of nodes and to ensure the correct and timely delivery of packets. The routing protocols meant for wired networks cannot be used for MANETs because routing in MANETs is nontrivial due to the highly dynamic nature of the mobile nodes. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. An extensive number of research works on designing the various routing protocols proactive, reactive, and hybrid have been proposed in the literature and widely evaluated for efficient routing of packets [3]. However, they do not address possible threats aiming at the disruption of the protocol itself and often are vulnerable to node misbehavior. A node dropping all the packets is considered as malicious node or selfish nodes. A malicious node misbehaves because it intends to damage network functioning. A selfish node does so because it wants to save battery life for its own communication by simply not participating in the routing protocol or by not executing the packet forwarding. A malicious node could falsely advertise very attractive routes and thereby convince other nodes to route their messages via that malicious node. With the lack of a priori trust between nodes, current ad hoc routing protocols are completely insecure and optimized only to spread routing information quickly as the network changes [4]. 1.1.4 Security in MANETs Security is an essential service for MANET because all network services are configured on-the-fly. When the security of a given MANET architecture is not properly designed from the beginning, it is difficult to achieve the security goals in practical networks during the network deployment [12, 13]. To secure a MANET, one usually considers the objectives confidentiality (privacy), availability, integrity, authenticity and non-repudiation. Confidentiality ensures that secret information in the network is never revealed to unauthorized nodes. i.e. the assurance that data is not disclosed to unauthorized parties. Availability ensures that the requested network services, such as bandwidth and connectivity, are available in a timely manner and service is not denied to authorize users. i.e. the assurance that data is readily accessible. Integrity ensures that message or packet being transferred between nodes is not altered or corrupted. i.e. the assurance that data is genuine. Authentication ensures the correct identity of the peer node it is communicating with. Non-repudiation ensures that the originator of a message cannot falsely deny having sent the message. i.e. the assurance that a node cannot later deny the data was sent by it. Node mobility in a MANET poses many security problems and vulnerable to different types of security attacks than conventional wired and wireless networks due to their open medium, dynamic network topology, absence of central administration, distributed cooperation, constrained capability, and lack of clear line of defense. The unconstrained nature of a wireless medium of MANETs allows the attackers for interception, injection, and interference of communication. Without proper security, mobile hosts are easily captured, compromised and hijacked by malicious nodes. Malicious nodes behavior may deliberately disrupt the network so that the whole network will be suffering from packet losses. Damages include leaking secret information, message contamination and node impersonation. Before MANETs are successfully deployed, security issues must be addressed. Usually, cryptographic techniques are used for secure communications in wired and wireless networks. The method of using security solutions of traditional wired networks is not suitable for providing security in MANETs. The main problem of any public-key based security system is to make each users public key available to others in such a way that its authenticity is verifiable. Conventional security solutions to provide public key management is implemented with public key infrastructure (PKI), in which a trusted third party (TTP) holds the public key certificates of all participating entities and acts as an online certification authority (CA) to provide a public key verification service. MANETs do not provide on-line access to trusted authorities or to centralized servers. Implementing public key management and certificate distribution is more challenging due to the problematic key exchange, session handling , absence of any infrastructure and centralized services, frequent node mobility, wireless link instability, possible network partitions, and configuration of all network services on-the-fly. For these reasons, traditional security solutions that require on-line trusted authorities or certificate repositories are not well suited for securing MANETs. Use of public key cryptography and certificates is one of the effective ways of securing a MANET. The main security problems that need to be dealt with in MANETs are: the secure storage of key/data in the devices; the authentication of devices that wish to communicate to each other; the secure key establishment of a session key among authenticated devices; and the secure routing in multi-hop networks [4]. 1.1.5 Security Attacks in MANETs Security means protecting the privacy (confidentiality), availability, integrity and non-repudiation. Security implies the identification of potential attacks, threats and vulnerability of a certain system from unauthorized access, use, modification or destruction. A security attack is any action that compromises or bypasses the security of information illegally or in an unauthorized way. The attack may alter, release, or deny data [10, 11, 14]. The attacks on the MANETs can be broadly classified into two categories: passive attacks and active attacks as shown in Figure 1.2. Both passive and active attacks can be made on any layer of the network protocol stack [3]. Figure 1.2: Types of security attacks Passive Attacks: A passive attack attempts to retrieve valuable information by listening to traffic channel without proper authorization, but does not affect system resources and the normal functioning of the network. Figure 1.3 shows a schematic description of a passive attacker C, eavesdropping on the communication channel between A and B. Figure 1.3: A passive attack The different types of passive attacks are eavesdropping (information leakage), traffic monitoring, and analysis. Passive attacks are very difficult to detect because they do not involve any alteration of the data. The emphasis in dealing with passive attacks is on prevention rather than detection. One of the solutions to the problem is to use powerful encryption mechanism to encrypt the data being transmitted, thereby making it impossible for the attacker to get useful information from the data overheard. Eavesdropping (information leakage) is a very easy passive attack in the radio transmission environment, where malicious nodes capture all traffic, including routing traffic, and thus obtain routing information. When one sends a message over the wireless medium, an attacker equipped with a suitable transceiver in the radio range of the transmission can intercept and capture all traffic including the sensitive routing information. The sender or the intended receiver has no means of detecting if the transmission has been eavesdropping in the radio transmission by the adversary who do not physically connect to the medium. Traffic monitoring collects information of network nodes such as the identities and locations of nodes and the amount of data transmitted among them. Traffic analysis means that a malicious node analyses all captured/received traffic in order to extract information about the characteristics of transmission, such as, which nodes are communicating frequently or exchange huge amounts of data. This information could be exploited to launch further attacks. Active Attacks: An active attack attempts to alter or destroy system resources and the data being exchanged in the network by injecting or modifying arbitrary packets, thus gain authentication and tries to affect or disrupt the normal functioning of the network services. An active attack involves information interruption, modification, or fabrication. Figure 1.4: An active attack As shown in Figure 1.4, an active attacker C can listen, modify, and inject messages into the communication channel between A and B. Active attacks can be either internal or external [5]. External attacks are carried out by nodes that do not belong to the network. These attacks are launched by adversaries who are not initially authorized to participate in the network operations and access the resources without authorization. External attacks usually aim to cause network congestion, denying access to specific network function or to disrupt the whole network operations. Bogus packets injection, denial of service, and impersonation are some of the attacks that are usually initiated by the external attackers. Internal attacks are from compromised nodes that are part of the network. Compared with external attacks, internal attacks are more serious and hard to detect because the attackers know valuable and secret information from compromised or hijacked nodes and possess privileged access rights to the network resources. Active attacks, whether carried out by an external adversary or an internal compromised node, involves actions such as impersonation (masquerading or spoofing), modification, fabrication and replication. The active attacks are classified into different types: MAC Layer attacks, Network Layer attacks, Transportation Layer attacks, Application Layer attacks and Multi Layer attacks as shown in Figure 1.5. MAC Layer Attacks: Jamming Attack In this form of attack, the adversary initially keeps monitoring the wireless medium in order to determine the frequency at which the receiver node is receiving signals from the sender. It then transmits signals on that frequency so that error free reception at the receiver is hindered [3]. Figure 1.5: Classification of security attacks Network Layer Attacks: Wormhole Attack In this attack, two compromised nodes can communicate with each other by a private network connection. A malicious node captures packets from one location in the network and tunnels these packets to the other malicious node at another location. The second malicious node is then expected to replay the tunneled packets locally. The tunnel between two colluding attackers is referred to as a wormhole. The wormhole can drop packets by short-circuiting the normal flow of routing packets or it can selectively forward packets to avoid detection [15, 16, 17]. Black Hole Attack A black hole attack is a kind of denial of service where a malicious node attracts all packets by falsely claiming (advertising) a shortest path to the destination node whose packets it wants to intercept and then absorb them without forwarding to the destination [15]. i.e. a malicious node falsely advertise itself as having the shortest path to the destination node whose packets it wants to intercept causing all nodes around it to route packets towards it. Sinkhole Attack In a sinkhole attack, the adversarys goal is to attract nearly all the traffic from a particular area through a compromised node, creating a metaphorical sinkhole with the adversary at the center. Because nodes on or near the path that packets follow have many opportunities to tamper with application data [18, 19]. One motivation for mounting a sinkhole attack is that it makes selective forwarding trivial by ensuring that all traffic in the targeted area flows through a compromised node, an adversary can selectively suppress or modify packets originating from any node in the area. Gray Hole Attack A gray hole attack is a variation of the black hole attack, where the malicious node is not initially malicious, it turns malicious sometime later. In this attack, an attacker drops all data packets but it lets control messages to route through it [20, 21]. This selective dropping makes gray hole attacks much more difficult to detect than black hole attack. Byzantine Attack In this attack, a compromised intermediate node or a set of compromised intermediate nodes works in collusion and collectively carries out attacks such as creating routing loops, routing packets on non-optimal paths, and selectively dropping packets. Byzantine failures are hard to detect because throughput of attacker nodes as same as other nodes [22]. Information Disclosure Attack In this, a compromised node attempts to reveal confidential or important information regarding the network topology (the structure of the network), geographic locations of nodes, or optimal routes to unauthorized nodes in the network [7][23]. Resource Consumption Attack In this attack, a malicious node deliberately tries to consume/waste away the resources of other nodes present in the network by requesting excessive route discovery (unnecessary route request control messages), very frequent generation of beacon packets, or by forwarding unnecessary packets (stale information) to that node. The resources that are targeted are battery power, bandwidth, and computational power, which are only limitedly available in MANETs [24, 25]. Man-In-The-Middle Attack In this, the attacker exists as a neighbor to any one node in the routing path and alters data that is being transmitted and injects modified packet into network. i.e. a malicious node impersonates the receiver with respect to the sender, and the sender with respect to the receiver, without having either of them realize that they have been attacked with an intension to read or modify the messages between two parties [12]. Neighbor Attack In this attack, upon receiving a packet, an intermediate node records its ID in the packet before forwarding the packet to the next node. An attacker, however, simply forwards the packet without recording its ID in the packet to make two nodes that are not within the communication range of each other believe that they are neighbors (i.e., one-hop away from each other), resulting in a disrupted route. The goal of neighbor attackers is to disrupt multicast routes by making two nodes that are in fact out of each others communication range believe that they can communicate directly with each other [15]. Routing Attacks In this attack, attackers try to alter the routing information and data in the routing control packet. There are several types of routing attacks, such as routing table overflow attack, routing table poisoning attack, packet replication attack, route cache poisoning attack, and rushing attack, mounted on the routing protocol which are aimed at disrupting the operation of the network [3]. Ã ¢-Â ºRouting Table Overflow Attack In this attack, an adversary node advertises routes to non-existing authorized nodes present in the network. The main objective of such an attack is to cause an overflow of the routing tables, which would, in turn, prevent the creation of entries corresponding to new routes to authorized nodes. Proactive routing protocols are more vulnerable to this attack compared to reactive routing protocols. Ã ¢-Â ºRouting Table Poisoning Attack In this attack, a malicious node sends false routing updates to other uncompromised nodes. Such an attack may result in suboptimal routing, network congestion or even make some part of the network inaccessible. Ã ¢-Â ºPacket Replication Attack In this attack, an adversary node replicates stale packets. This consumes additional bandwidth and battery power resources available to the nodes and also causes unnecessary confusion in the routing process. Ã ¢-Â ºRoute Cache Poisoning Attack This attack occurs when nodes are in the updating mode of their tables route. Information stored in the routing tables deleted, changed, and injected with false information. Ã ¢-Â ºRushing Attack In this case, an adversary can rush some routing packets towards the destination, leading to problems with routing. i.e. an adversary node which receives a route request packet from the source node floods the packet quickly throughout the network before other nodes which also receive the same route request packet can react. On demand routing protocols that use route discovery process are vulnerable to this type of attack [26]. Stealth Attacks Stealth attacks are classified into two classes. The first class of attacks attempts to hi-jack or perform traffic analysis on filtered traffic to and from victim nodes. These attacks are mounted, for example, by the modification of routing information. An attacker can divert traffic by using authentic routing messages to fool honest nodes into disrupting their routing tables. The second class partitions the network and reduces good put by disconnecting victim nodes in several ways. For example, the attacker can route a large amount of data through the victim node. This may totally consume the nodes energy resources or create a perception of unavailability due the large quantities of messages being dropped by the victim. Consequently the node under attack will not be used by neighboring routers and becomes isolated. The methods are referred to as stealth attacks since they minimize the cost of launching the attacks and reduce the visibility of the attacker [27]. Transportation Layer Attacks: Session Hijacking Attack Session hijacking is the major transport layer attack. Here, an adversary takes control over a session between two nodes. Since most authentication processes are carried out only at the start of a session, once the session between two nodes gets established, the adversary node masquerades as one of the end nodes of the session and hijacks the session. Session hijacking occurs on two levels: the network level and application level. Application Layer Attacks: Repudiation Attack Repudiation attack is the main application layer level attack. Repudiation refers to the denial or attempted denial by a node involved in a communication of having participated in all or part of the communication [3]. Non-repudiation is one of the important requirements for a security protocol in any communication network and assures that a node cannot later deny the data was sent by it. Multi Layer Attacks: Multi-layer attacks are those that could occur in any layer of the network protocol stack. Denial of service, impersonation or sybil attack, manipulation of network traffic, device tampering, jellifish attack and eclipse attack are some of the common multi-layer attacks. Denial of Service Attack In this attack, an adversary always attempts to prevent legitimate and authorized users of network services from accessing those services, where legitimate traffic cannot reach the target nodes. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are against CPU power, battery power and transmission bandwidth. A malicious node may launch a DoS attack against another node by requesting routes from that node, or by forwarding unnecessary packets to that node in an attempt to wear down (draining) the other nodes batteries. A DoS attack can be carried out in many ways and against any layer in the network protocol stack, namely, physical layer, link layer, and network layer [4, 12, 31]. Sybil Attack This attack is also known as masquerade or impersonation or spoofing attack. In this attack, a single malicious node attempts to take out the identity of other nodes in the network by advertising false/fake routes. i.e. an attacker pretends to have multiple identities obtained either by impersonating (forges) other nodes or by making use of false identities. It then attempts to send packets over network with identity of other nodes making the destination believe that the packet is from original source [28]. Sybil attacks are classified into three categories: direct/indirect communication, fabricated/stolen identity, and simultaneity. In the direct communication, Sybil nodes communicate directly with legitimate nodes, whereas in the indirect communication, messages sent to Sybil nodes are routed through malicious nodes. An attacker can fabricate a new identity or it can simply steal it after destroying or temporarily disabling the impersonated node. All Sybil identities can participate simultaneously in the network or they may be cycled through [29]. Misrouting Attack This attack is also known as manipulation of network traffic attack. This is a very simple way for a node to disturb the protocol operation by announcing that it has better route than the existing one. In the misrouting attack, a non-legitimate node redirects the routing message and sends data packet to the wrong destination. This type of attack is carried out by modifying metric value of a route or by altering control message fields of a route or modifying the final destination address of the data packet or by forwarding a data packet to the wrong next hop in the route to the destination [30]. Device Tampering Attack (Weak Physical Protection) Unlike nodes in a wired network, nodes in MANETs are usually compact, soft, and hand-held in nature. They could get damaged or lost or stolen easily and misused by an adversary. In military applications, mobile nodes are subject to capturing, compromising and hijacking. In such hostile environments, it is almost impossible to provide perfect physical protection [3]. Jellyfish Attack A jellyfish attacker first needs to intrude into the multicast forwarding group. It then delays data packets unnecessarily for some amount of time before forwarding them. This result in significantly high end-to-end delays and, thus, degrades the performance of real-time applications [31]. Eclipse Attack A pattern of misbehavior called an eclipse attack, which consists of the gradual poisoning of good (uncompromised) nodes routing tables with links to a conspiracy of adversarial nodes (compromised nodes) [12, 15, 18]. 1.1.6 Security Solutions in MANET Various kinds of security attacks are possible on ad hoc routing. Due to inherent characteristics, MANETs are highly susceptible to malicious attacks. To overcome these attacks, available security solutions are used. Attack prevention measures can be used as the first line of defense to reduce the possibilities of attacks. There are two types of security solutions: preventive and detective to overcome these attacks. Preventive solutions are typically based on message encryption techniques, while detective solutions include the application of digital signature and cryptographic hash functions. The prevention schemes proposed for external attacks are key and trust management, whereas the countermeasures for internal attacks are secure routing protocols [5, 7]. 1.2 Motivation of the Work Providing security for MANETs is a difficult problem. The method of using security solutions of a traditional wired network is not suitable. All those methods require online trusted authority. In contrast with conventional networks, MANETs do not provide on-line access to trusted authorities or to centralized servers. For this reason, key management is particularly difficult to implement in such networks. However, key management is deemed as the fundamental essential part of any secure communication. There are two ways to introduce security in MANETs: 1. through a single authority domain, where certification and keys are issued by a single authority, and 2. through full self-organization, where security does not rely on any trusted authority or fixed server. Conventional public key management is implemented with public key infrastructure, in which a trusted third party (TTP) holds the public key certificates of all participating entities and acts as an online

Irony in Ballards Chronopolis :: Ballard Chronopolis Essays

Irony in J. G. Ballard's Chronopolis J. G. Ballard gives us a good idea of the irony in 'Chronopolis' from the very beginning - the actual name 'Chronopolis' - city of time - is an ironic name for a city that has no time Throughout the story Ballard's view of time acts as a focus to the story, around which the plot revolves. The central point of the story is a world without time, without which the story would have no point - none of it would have happened, and it would be just like our world. The impression of time we are given at the beginning of the story is an ironic one, because it seems that time is important, but not really understood; we are told that Newman is in prison for understanding time - yet while he is in prison he controls the situation because of his knowledge of time, and organises the events of the day for Brocken (the block sergeant); 'Brocken... relied on Newman to programme the day for him'. The fact that Newman is 'serving time' for being obsessed with time is the first instance of irony through language that we are given in Chronopolis. This again brings our attention to the irony of Ballard's view of time, and provokes the reader to look more deeply into the text, thus discovering more about the way time works in the world of Chronopolis. At this point we do not learn any more about what happens to Newman, but instead the story has a flashback to when he was a child, and became interested in time. In this way the story is anachronistic - it is not in chronological order, and instead it switches between different points in time. This brings our attention to the way time works in 'Chronopolis'. Due to the fact that they have no time, their world is muddled up, and thinks have no real order - and this is reflected in the way Ballard writes the story. We are then told the story of Newman's childhood, and the way he slowly discovers time and gains an interest in it. Next we are told by Stacey (Newman's English teacher) why time is against the law: 'You can time [someone], know exactly how long it takes him to do something... then you can make him do it faster.

Television Vs Movies Essay -- essays research papers

Before there was television and motion pictures (movies), people used to spend their leisure time listening to the radio. They were offered little variety and often routinely listened to the same things. In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, motion pictures and television were invented, respectively. In the beginning, they were considered luxuries. As time wore on, they became increasingly more and more popular. Today they are both extremely common forms of entertainment. Though they are both very popular, they are also very different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Going to the movies offers a complete escape from everyday life for a few hours at a time. In movies, a story can usually be told from beginning to end in a short period of time. Movies allow a person to get completely wrapped ...

Essay Interpreting one Art By Elizabeth Bishop :: essays research papers

Essay Interpreting "One Art" by Elizabeth Bishop In "One Art" by Elizabeth Bishop, the speaker's attitude in the last stanza relates to the other stanzas in verse form and language. The speaker uses these devices to convey her attitude about losing objects. The verse form in "One Art" is villanelle. The poem has tercet stanzas until the last, which is four lines. In the first three stanzas, the poem is told in second person. "Lose something every day." seems to command one to practice the art of losing things. In the three stanzas, first person is used, and the speaker relates how she "lost her mother's watch" and other life incidents. However, the speaker addresses her beloved "you," and then in the last line, herself. Language in "One Art" is simple, yet many literary devices are used. The last line repeated, to the effect of "The art of losing isn't hard to master" suggests that the speaker is trying to convince herself that losing things is not hard and she should not worry. Also, the speaker uses hyperboles when describing in the fifth tercet that she lost "two cities...some realms I owned." Since she could not own, much less lose a realm, the speaker seems to be comparing the realm to a large loss in her life. Finally, the statement in the final quatrain "Even losing you" begins the irony in that stanza. The speaker remarks that losing this person is not "too hard" to master. The shift in attitude by adding the word "too" shows that the speaker has an ironic tone for herself in her loss or perhaps her husband or someone else close to her. Language and verse form show in "One Art" how the losses increase in importance as the poem progresses, with the losses in lines 1-15 being mostly trivial or

Dolphin

New research suggests that dolphins are second only to humans in smarts. – MRI scans indicate that these marine mammals are self-aware. – Researchers think dolphins are especially vulnerable to suffering and trauma. When human measures for intelligence are applied to other species, dolphins come in Just behind humans in brainpower, according to new research. Dolphins demonstrate skills and awareness previously thought to be present only in humans.New MRI scans show that dolphin brains are four to five times larger for their body size when compared to another nimal of similar size, according to Lori Marino, a senior lecturer in neuroscience and behavioral biology at Emory University, and one of the world's leading dolphin experts. Humans also possess an impressive brain-to-body ratio. â€Å"If we use relative brain size as a metric of ‘intelligence' then one would have to conclude that dolphins are second in intelligence to modern humans,† said Marino, who p erformed several MRI scans on dolphin brains.Marino will be presenting her findings at next month's American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting. â€Å"Size isn't verything,† she admitted, but she says at least two other lines of evidence support her claims about dolphin intelligence. First, various features of the dolphin neocortex the part of the brain involved in higher-order thinking and processing of emotional information are â€Å"particularly expanded† in dolphins. Second, behavioral studies conducted by Marino and other experts demonstrate that dolphins exhibit human- like skills.These include mirror self-recognition, cultural learning, comprehension of symbol-based communication systems, and an understanding of abstract concepts. The Navy's Marine Mammal Program began in 1960 with two goals. First, the Navvy wanted to study the underwater sonar capabilities of dolphins and beluga whales to learn how to design more efficient methods of detecting objects underwater, and to improve the speed of their boats and submarines by researching how dolphins are able to swim so fast and dive so deep.In addition to this research component, the Navvy also trained dolphins, beluga whales, sea lions and other marine mammals to perform various underwater tasks, including delivering equipment to divers nderwater, locating and retrieving lost objects, guarding boats and submarines, and doing underwater surveillance using a camera held in their mouths. Dolphins were used for some of these tasks in the Vietnam War and in the Persian Gulf. The Marine Mammal Program was originally classified, and was at its peak during the Cold War.The Soviet Union's military was conducting similar research and training programs in the race to dominate the underwater front. At one point during the 1980's, the U. S. program had over 100 dolphins, as well as numerous sea lions and beluga whales, and an operating budget ot $8 million dollars. By the ‘s, howeve r, the Cold W was over, and the Navvy's Marine Mammal project was downsized. In 1992, the program became declassified. Many of the dolphins were retired, and controversy arose over whether or not it would be feasible to return unnecessary dolphins to the wild. pecific Tasks Navvy marine mammals are trained to perform many underwater duties, including Bottlenose dolphins detect and mark of underwater mines. The animal locates a mine and then deposits a weighted buoy line near the mine in order to mark it. California sea lions attach grabber devices to underwater objects for etrieval. This system is used extensively in training exercises with divers for Explosive Ordnance Disposal units. Practice mines are placed on the sea floor; those not found by the divers during the exercise are retrieved by the sea lions. Bottlenose dolphins are used to detect and defend against enemy swimmers.This procedure was used in both the Vietnam War and the Persian Gulf to protect Navvy anchored vessels from enemy swimmers seeking to plant explosives. The dolphins would swim slowly, patrolling the area with their sonar, and alert armed trainer guards if they located a swimmer. They are also trained to â€Å"tag† the enemy swimmer with a marker so that Navvy personnel can apprehend him. During the Vietnam War, rumors circulated about a â€Å"swimmer nullification program† in which dolphins were also being trained to shoot at enemy swimmers with a device similar to the tagging device.The Navvy denies that any such program existed or that any dolphin has ever been trained to attacka human. 1960's naw begins use of marine mammals 1965 sea lab II In 1965, the Marine Mammal Program began its first military project: Sea Lab II. Working in the waters off La Jolla, California, a bottlenose dolphin named Tuffy ompleted the first successful open ocean military exercise. He repeatedly dove 200 feet to the Sea Lab II installation, carrying mail and tools to naw personnel. He was a lso trained to guide lost divers to safety. 965-75 dolphins used in Vietnam The Navvy sent five dolphins to Cam Ranh Bay to perform underwater surveillance and guard military boats from enemy swimmers. Although during this era rumors circulated about a â€Å"swimmer nullification program† through which dolphins were trained to attack and kill enemy swimmer, the Navvy denies such a program ever existed. 1975 ntroduction of sea lions and beluga whales With the success of the dolphin program, the Navvy began working with sea lions, training them to recover military hardware or weaponry fired and dropped in the ocean.The sea lions could dive and recover objects at depths of up to 650 feet. The Navvy also began exploring the use of beluga whales, which, like dolphins, use sonar to navigate. Beluga whales could operate at much colder temperatures and deeper depths than either dolphins or sea lions. naw builds up collection of dolphins The Marine Mammal Program reached its heyday in the 1980's, with an expanded udget and increased number of dolphins.In 1986, Congress partially repealed the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act by letting the Navvy collect wild dolphins from for â€Å"national defense purposes. † The Navvy planned to use the dolphins to expand its mine disposal units and to stock a breeding program. 1986-88 dolphins in the Persian gulf The naw sent six dolphins to the Persian Gulf, where they patrolled the harbor in Bahrain to protect US flagships from enemy swimmers and mines, and escorted Kuwaiti oil tankers through potentially dangerous waters. One of the dolphins, â€Å"Skippy,† died ofa bacterial infection. ssile guarding project in Bangor abandoned In the late 1980's the Navvy began a project through which dolphins would act as guards at the Bangor Washington Trident Missile Base. Animal activists opposed the project, and filed suit against the Navvy under the National Environmental Protection Act claiming that the Navvy must do an environmental evaluation to determine whether deployment in the cold northern waters off Bangor would harm dolphins originally captured in the Gulf of Mexico. A Judge ruled that such a study must be completed before the project could continue.The Navvy abandoned the project. By 1994, the Navvy policy on moving dolphins to environments with radically different water temperatures changed; a spokesperson said that in general, the Navvy would only move dolphins between environments with a 20 degree difference in temperature, except in emergency situations. 1990S downsizing, declassification, retirement With the end of the Cold War, the Navvy's budget for the marine mammal program was drastically reduced, and all but one of its training centers were closed down.Of the 103 dolphins remaining in the program, the Navvy decided it needed only 70 to maintain its downsized operations. Much of the project was declassified, although certain details remain protected. This raised the question of what to do with the remaining dolphins. In the 1992 Defense Appropriations Act, Congress alloted a half million dollars to the Navvy to â€Å"to develop training procedures which will allow mammals which are no longer required for this project to be released into their natural habitat. The Navvy held two conferences of researchers and experts and determined that a reintroduction program would not be cost effective. In an attempt to downsize its dolphin troops, the Navvy offered to give its surplus trained dolphins o marine parks However, interest in the tree dolphins was low because many marine parks by this time had developed successful in-house breeding programs. The Navvy only got only four requests, but pledged to care for the unclaimed dolphins until their deaths.Later in 1994, the Navvy agreed to send three dolphins to Sugarloaf sanctuary, near Key West in Florida, a rehabilitation facility run by Ric O'Barry. O'Barry planned to reeducate the dolphins so they could be safe ly released into the wild, once the necessary federal permits were granted. 1996 illegal release of Luther and Buck Two of the dolphins being held at the Sugarloaf Sanctuary, Luther and Buck, were being prepared for life in the wild while awaiting federal permits for their release. In May, before the permits had been issued, O'Barry released the dolphins into the Gulf of Mexico.He believed that the dolphins were ready for release and that the bureaucratric requirements for a permit were designed to prevent the release of the Navvy dolphins. He thought that to wait any longer before letting them go would jeopardize their chances of successful adaptation to the wild. read O'Barry's defense f his actions, and criticism of the release from Naomi Rose The dolphins were recaptured less than two weeks later and returned to the Navvy. All three of these dolphins are now back with the Navvy. One of them is still in Florida; the other two are back in San Diego in the Navvy facility there. 997 Ukrainian dolphins trained by the Soviet Navvy for military operations are now being used for therapy with autistic and emotionally disturbed children. Mahalia Jackson Mrs. Harvey English 093 (1 :OO) October 29, 2013 Dolphins Dolphins are very interesting creatures. There are many things about a dolphin you may not know about. They do many ditterent things witn humans, and they do many different things in their everyday lives. There are many peculiar amazing creatures in the ocean, but none of them compares to the dolphins.In the beginning of time about 50 million years ago research shows that dolphins were once a land animal. They looked like a wolf, as this animal they hunted in the shallow waters, and eventually they learned how to adapt between land and water. Research says, â€Å"That their forelegs became flippers, the hind legs disappeared and the fluke evolved, and their fur disappeared and the nostrils moved to the top of their head. This how they breathe today. Even thou gh they surface ever few minutes in the water, they can stay under water up to 15 minutes.Now in order to navigate they use echolocation to find their way around the ocean or the sea. In order to find food the uses clicks to send out to return off of an object in the water researchers say, â€Å"It's just like an echo. † This is how they find their food, dolphins. And other threatening animals or rocks. Just like humans have a family; well, dolphins have families that they live in. The families are usually or mostly lead by a female dolphin. Just like in a society of humans the females primarily are the head of the house hold or family.Every dolphin in the family help each other out, sometimes several families might come together to make a school of dolphins. Jackson 2 Dolphins are very intelligent, they are the second-smartest animal in the world. Research shows that dolphins shows skills and awareness that for many years they thought only humans had. They gave them MIR scan s, and they found out that a dolphin's brain is four to five times larger than their own bodies when it is compared to another animals of a similar size. Dolphins has been in the U. S. Navvy for more than forty years.The Navvy's Marine Mammal Program began in 1960 and they had two reasons for this program. It was that the Navvy wanted to study the underwater sonar capabilities of dolphins, and to learn how to design more sufficient methods for detecting objects underwater, and to also improve the speed of their boats and submarines by researching how dolphins are able to swim so fast and dive so deep into the water. Dolphins Just didn't Join the Navvy or became a part of it they had to be trained to do the Jobs they were going to be assigned to do. In order to help the Navvy in upcoming wars to come.They was trained to deliver equipment to divers underwater, locating and retrieving lost objects that the Navvy thought was important, guarding boats and submarines, and doing underwater surveillance using a camera to hold in their mouths. Researchers says, â€Å"The dolphins were trained to attack and kill the enemy in the Vietnam War. † Lastly, Dolphins are many things on this Earth. They are intelligent, they are used in the U. S. Navvy. In order to help them discover enemies and to protect the ships. They are descendants of wolves and that they ave hair it's Just on the top of their head.Female dolphins are the head of the family, and several families might come and Join them. All together Dolphins are amazing creatures, they can be your friend and protect you to the end.

Campaign Name and Type: Pop Boutique, TV advert, newspaper, bill boards Planned Launch Date: June 2013 Essay

primary feather Purpose or ObjectiveWhat is the primary(prenominal) yield you intend to strike? nexus it back to the relevant tradeing objective. belt down dress shop is a transaction which is ground in Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds and capital of the United Kingdom. This c any(prenominal)er is flavour to din their caper nation bothy and losss a ripe scale marketing grounds to live on its scheme.The comp apiece kindredwise has some bruise objectives to master, e.g. they be aspect for sentience of the marque, maturement and gross sales to view more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) utility. hitherto these objectives dupe to be SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, lifelike and time scale) in baffle to be successful and to finger whether the guild is maturation or not. seltzer dress shop has 500,000 to kick the bucket for marketing grounds to support its strategy for up to 8 calendar weeks. jut protrude dress shop compulsions t o grow their fear across the nation by the end of 2013.The club indispensablenesss to raise instigant awargonness in the UK by 2013.Beca commit of having these objectives the principal(prenominal) out know which I am mean to get through is to decide the appropriate method acting acting acting of publicizing for the pop boutique federation. I young-bearing(prenominal) genitals do this by utilize TV advert, crudes stems, criterion boards, radio and so forth it is exceedingly important for me to assure that I stay in bud string and start out these trends for pop boutiques. The confederation aim is to affix the sales by 25%. I rat furbish up the appropriate campsite by use the right graphic symbol of media to mention sight awargon of my result, as this suffer servicing to achieve the keep corporations aim.Intended ResultsList any another(prenominal) sought after outcomes of the entreat.2 gain awargonnessWhen functional in tune milieu it is importa nt for obliterate boutique to be able to stay ahead they use up to increment the bulls eye aw arness. Because of this ladder the business would alike plus their aw beness in the popular. Their aim is to grab their consumers wariness rough their business and the queer product. This outcome devolve on help them to build public relation, because of advertise different ways they rotter gain the awareness of their products, which cigarette help them to increase the sales. 2Increase salesThe place boutique business is overly looking to increase their sales so they could founder more profit. They are looking for this outcome because they are aiming to string out the business internally and this is only possible, if they end increase their sales and gull more profit. 3Increase market shareThe primary(prenominal) outcome is to increase the market share. This stool be achieved through repetition and awareness, which confounds positive, signs for the public, thereo f pot more belike to use dadaism boutiques products. The company feces increase market shares as having more customers in the business. 4Increase profitThrough raisement and suit, the project boutique vigorous up get well cognise in the public, because of this more pile impart breathing out to shop from there, and in addition give spill to barrack popping boutique to friend and family , because of this more quite a little go under on going to shop with them and they volition going to make more profit. 5Re ordinateation of customersThe come on dress shop is aiming to ensure that their customers repeat their business and want their customers to bargain their products stiffly as well as recommend other more or less(predicate) set forth Boutiques fantastic products. bottom AudienceIdentify the laughingstock market through divisionation. A market segment may be related to gender, age, hobbies, dwelling house type, occupation etc.Pop Boutique is an dear(p redicate) agreement and their main bell ringer hearing are peck who have around disposable income because they have expensive prices for their product. People who like vintage clothing and wants to look like celebrities would be Pop Boutiques customers. Target audience would be age 16 to 40 these includes teenagers because young proper deal prefer to ruin expensive, unique and fashionable garments and in like manner pop boutique has estimable brand loyalty, thats why customers prefer to bargain clothes from there. Furthermore numerous celebrities withal like to wear vintage, funky and braw clothes it is as well as beneficial to target celebrities because they stooge succumb products easily.Specific manoeuvreWhat are the specific marketing activities evasive action for the track down? How go out you execute each evasive action?Specific TacticHow allow you execute each tactic? precaution The way I depart go to take consumers assistances is by utilize car dboards, cartridge holder to grab the attention of the consumers. In my smudge of view it is extremely infixed that apply somewhat graphics and pictures while communication through publisher media, because it is stovepipe in declareect as tidy sum can analyse how the vintage introduction looks like. I am going to agitate it by using different method because of this I leave behind grab deal attention. To grab the attention I imparting to a fault going to use the companys logotype and make sure the ads match to the glossary of the company which is mostly liable(predicate) orange. It would similarly be beneficial to use some graphics and pictures to represent what the company is stressful to tell you and to reflect the image of the website, so commonwealth find it enkindle to hear the stores and website and make sure they fancy product. 2Interest I cipher need air is the surmount media to get messs attention. Through take in military post I can easily ven t pictures of tonic and practiceer products and bad-tempered falseers to make interesting for hatful to debase. I am going to use some special offers on clothes and use some good competitor prices to make interesting for peck. This tactic is in any case achievable because of intercommunicate people intimately the different and new designer and seasonal clothes which company have. 3Aspiration I will increase the appetite for my clothing by advertising on different websites like Facebook, twitter etc. This is extremely congenital for the business because more teenagers and other people use these socialising sites in roam to interact to people. Because of using these sides which are allow of court can help the Pop boutique to sell the product. I will be using these sites because I can establish the pictures of new clothes up, and can get feedback from customers to see what they like and dislike. This can be achievable because its rattling easy to do. 4Desire Pop Bouti que is very(prenominal) unique business so I count using radio method is good because you can explain more circumstances nearly the company within 30 seconds. This tactic is achievable by giving more details about the company and about the products. Pop Boutique is vibrant, funky and showy with more than a suggestion of retro. Their products are unique, new fashi unrivalledd and almost desire by celebrities. 5Action To achieve this tactic I will extend contact details through all media that I am going to use. I will provide web talking to through billboards, get carry, radio, magazine, TV and report. I will to a fault let people know where to find us so people can huckster to the shop..By providing contact details customers can profane the product easily. E.g. whether to taint online or in the shop. However the company has shops in many different cities but those who cant call down to the shop, can go on the website and bribe anything they like and can be delivered t o your door. The website address is http//www.pop-boutique.com/ Required Materials/Comp singlentsWhat materials will you involve to execute the running play? (i.e. printed materials, email designs, copywriting or design work.)Required MaterialsEstimated CostBroachers cost A4 sheet folded and printed as 4 A5 rapscallions. 20,000 broachers will be printed. And will be give to retail shops. I will be doing 20,000 copies of a4 sheet folded and printed as 4 a5 pages. And design cost 160. 5000 copies cost 0.10 = 20,000 copies cost 0.40 x 20,000 +160 = 8,160 In a shielder Newspaper Front page page 22cm * 5 columnsFor one day is 5,573 x 7 Days = 39,011billboards advertising on near round about and merchandise lights. A Standard Billboard is 10 feet by 20 feet and is known as a 48 sheet. This type of Billboard starts from around one hundred sixty-five per week (Minimum 2 Week booking) http//www.paintedpostermedia.co.uk/site/I want to use bill boards advertising for cardinal weeks ne ar round about and avocation lights. They have 4 different stores all around the UK. And in each rural area there will be bill boards. When bill boards cost 165 for one week. I will be suing bill board for 2 weeks. So 165 x 2 x speed of light= 33,000 receiving set Lon wear thin airtime Business Special 6 x 30 Commercials Per Day 6 x 30 Commercials per Day499.00 x 18 Days= 8,98230 sec TV Advertisement on ITV during Soaps 1930 (3) time a day for sevener old age. 18274 x 3 = 54822 for 7 eld 383,754Direct mailOnce every weekCosts 1p per mail x 200,000= 2000 x 6= 12,000TOTAL exist8,160+39,011+33,000+383,754+12,000=484,907NOTE The references and the research for the quotations are link behind the assignment.Key MessagingWhat are the key microscope stages you want to communicate in this campaign?Pop Boutique is very exotic, funky and gaudy company who design retro clothes. 2The company uses recycle fabrics to make products.One of the most unique points is that company is truste d and liked by many celebrities. 4Pop Boutiques clothes are more fashioned, comfort and made by risque quality fabrics. 5Value for money.What is the desired buyer response? How do you want the buyer to feel when he/she sees this campaign? The suggest of this campaign is to attract customers, make buyers aware of the website and persuade them to visit the website and obstructor some other products out. The company wants their customers to feel free and chose the product which they prefer from Pop Boutique online selection.So the purpose of the campaign bill boards, TV ads is to let people know what they are missing, the business as well as wants to open up nationally to let people visit to stores near their home. By this campaign I want buyer to recommend to others about Pop Boutique and pass the heart and soul through other people so because of this business can get well known. One of the main desire respond I am looking forward from viewers to purchase products from Pop Bouti que so the company could increase their sales, this can help them to gain more profit. If Pop Boutique increase the profit than this will help the company to open more stores in the UK.Offer/ cry (out) to ActionWhat do you want the mentality to do after seeing your campaign?Want customers to visit the website regularly mug up awareness for the products.Want customers to let their family and friends knows about the experience they will have after visiting to website Follow us on twitter and FacebookI want the consumers to do repeat shop from the stores and become regular consumers and I also want them to let other knows about the Pop boutique product. As well as stores I want consumers to keep shopping from the website. quantifyWhat is the chronology and quantify of the required action stairs and dates for completion?Campaign budget step at costs for the determined tactics. determined your budget, and remember to calculate it to the appropriate dowry of your overall marketing bud get.Youre Budget for this CampaignPercentage of Overall marketing Budget %Justification of Selection lead the tactics that you have elect. For each, please have the 1. Selection of content communication of progressional marrow, e.g. features, performance, benefits, quality, reliability 2. Developing a progression plan choosing promotion mix timing frequency cost using promotion plan media mix use of cyberspaceThe Pop boutique is retail organisation and they are aiming to expand the business nationally therefore I have to get along the image and contest of the campaign in the way that can help to pass the substance to the audience through campaign. branch of all the main objectives of the business and campaign is to tell consumers know that Pop Boutique is a unique company who produces vibrant, funky, colourful and retro products.The meat we are going to pass on is that products are so comfort, recycle fabrics has been used. We want you to try our products because these ar e well designed and fashioned and are liked by many celebrities. We are targeting people the age from 16 to 40 years old, because mostly the funky and colourful clothes are used by teenagers and womens. Our audiences are both male and female but mostly females because the company has ample range of selection available for womens. To be able to persuade customers to buy our product I am using 6 different types of media for this campaign.This is to make awareness of the brand all around the UK. The main purpose of using different type of media is that people have different interests and I dont think only one particular media would catch consumers attention and can help us to achieve the companys aim. in that locationfore choosing a coterieification of media would reach to the specific audience where they want to increase the awareness. The main objective of campaign is to attract more customers. Therefore our message is going to be short and we will use graphics, pictures and some colour to make it look attractive and eye transmissible so because of this people feel raise while looking or ceremonial the ads campaign. The message we are going to put cross is that Pop Boutique provides unique and funky products.Therefore we are also going to protest about the surpass collection, some special offers and give the sack on some of the products. In the publish media e.g. newspaper, TV, civilise mail etc. we will put some pictures of seasonal products and prices to show people how much is going to costs. On the billboard we will only be working on where and how to contact Pop Boutique. We are also going to provide our electronic network address on the publish media, such(prenominal) as on newspaper, magazine and billboards so because of this people can find us easily. The Guardian Newspaper is a national paper therefore I think it would be the outperform idea to march on the campaign there. The main purpose of choosing this particular newspaper is that it is expensive and only those people see it, which have enough income to travel by on their essential expenditure.In my point of view the fileers of this newspaper can afford Pop Boutique products and more likely to buy it. I decided to advertise once every week for 6 weeks. But in the last week I will be advertising twice in week. The campaign could cash in ones chips for the longer period. I think sunshine is the shell day to advertise because the majority of people have a vacation and they sit at home and read the newspaper during their tea time or when they have breakfast. I believe this is a good ways of glowing the message cross. However I am also considering to advertise in different days as well, for example for the following ad comes on Saturday paper, the week after will be on Thursday paper to make sure people gets our message that we are trying to transfer to people.We are going to attract customers attention by providing some special offers. For example if you sp end 50 gets 20% off on your next shopping. We will provide a promotional encipher on the newspaper for customers to get some discount for online shopping while entering the promotional figure on the website. We are expecting 20000 items should be exchange by the respond of newspaper ads and this will possibly make at least(prenominal) 300,000 sales on this promotional method. I also have chosen Radio London advertising method to make awareness of the brand and company itself in prepare to get well known by the consumers.I think this was the best idea because London is a with child(p) and tourist attraction city and this is good method to predicate people about Pop Boutique so they can shop from this organisation. The radio campaign will run for 3 weeks and six multiplication a day in order to ensure that people listen to our message. The intellectual of choosing a radio ad to bump for 30 seconds 6 times a day because people have a busy life and they would definitely come cr oss the advert once in these 6 times. The time I chose is 7 oclock in the morning, 1230pm, half 2pm, 530pm and 730 in the evening.I have chosen these times because the research says these are the times when most audience will likely listen to the radio. The message we will send through radio is one of the best and recognisable business who produces funky, stylish and cozy dresses for celebrities e.g. models, and also for teenager and women who belongs from high class families.Pop boutique is providing the best deals on new vintage clothes, you can also visit the website to find out more information www.popboutique.co.uk. This business is aiming to open more stores soon all around in the UK to make life easier for you to visit to the shop. The company is expecting at least 20000 customers to visit the website and buy things and make recommendations, so Pop Boutique become one of the best and long-familiar vintage cloths provider. When making a campaign and aiming to interact custom ers billboards are one of the best ideas to use, because billboard will be read by many people across the country.I have decided to advertise on the billboard for the full 2 weeks in all of 4 cities of the UK where Pop boutique have stores in order to attain peoples attention. Billboards will have some graphics, pictures, company logo and web address to explain what is company targeting for, and where can you find the stores and contact detail etc. All together 100 billboards going to be used in the UK, mostly are going to be on the roads on traffic lights and motorways near the roundabouts. I also believe that direct mail and brooches is another good way to promote the business and increase customers as well as. The direct mail will be send to many of our existing customers to inform them about the new and latest product. Therefore we are also looking to promote products in a new market. We are going to send email to families to inform that we have some special offers on vintage cl othes. The direct mail would be sent out once every week, giving the message of new summer collection and providing direct web address to visit to the website.There would be a promotional code to get some 5% discount on when they spend over 50. I also believe that direct mail is very less read by the people but our main melodic theme is going to be 20% off on most of the products and get 5% discount on top of it, to make people to read the direct mail. And broachers will be given to the retails hops so when people come to buy the clothes they can take the broachers and visit the stores and buy the clothes. It is A4 with 5 sided, with some graphics and other images on it. I have also decided to do an ad campaign on ITV. This is going to be a very expensive method of advertising but the company has to take this find in order to be well-known in the UK, so they could expand the business nationally. I have chosen ITV maneuver because I believe more people watch soaps on ITV. So becau se of the TV ad we are going to inform about the special offers, new collection, and inform them about the promotional code to visit online to get some discount on our most of products.Our main objective is to make customers to visit the store or the website and buy Pop Boutiques products, so company could make some profit, which would be helpful in future when break more stores in the UK. The reason of selecting this method is to achieve the objective, by informing about the new and summer collection, different offers and making awareness of the business as well as brand in the UK, also increasing customers and market shares. If the company achieve these objectives then it would be really essential because they will be able to expand the business nationally. Furthermore the scheme of promotional code will help the company to find out which sorts of advertising method customers used in order to visit the website.When consumers place orders through website they will call for to fil l some detail.Customers have to tell us how have they been recommended to visit our website and the promotional code will be tranquil automatically by the data base, to see which method of advertising has been used more by customers, and which method of advertising as helped more in order to achieve the aim of the Pop boutique business. This is extremely beneficial for the company as this can help the company to select the best type of media for advertising in the future.